adopts civil and criminal codes, 200, 207; at war with Spain, 203, 204, 337; debt of, 208; boundary treaty of, with Argentina, 209, 210; boundary disputes with Argentina, 209, 210, 230, 231; chief exports of, 211; paper money issued in, 212; under jurisdiction of Buenos Aires, 251 Chilean (city), 145, 151, 164 Chiloe Islands, the, explored, 143, 149, 188, 192, 197 Chimilas Mountains, 410 Chincha Islands, the, seized by Spain, 112, 203 Chinchon, Countess of, cure of, 70 Chinese coolies in Peru, 111 Chiquitos Indians, the, 245, 250 Chocolate, Europe indebted to Peru for, 66; Ecuador supplies large amount of, 332 Chorrillos (city), 125 Coal mines, 208 Cochabamba (city), 243, 249, 258 Cochrane, Lord Thomas, Admiral, 79-83, 186-188, 190 _Cochrane_, the, 119-121 Cocoa palm introduced into South America, 66 Coffee-raising, 341, 390, 395 Colombia (New Granada), plateau of, 13, 312, 406, 410, 414, 419; Spanish exploration of, 22, 347, 348, 403-406, 410-414; native tribes of, 23, 406, 409, 410, 412-414, 416; first permanent settlement in, 406, 416; Spanish conquest of, 407-418; revolutionary spirit in, 366, 430 _et seq._; war of independence in, 86, 316, 317, 430-444; formation of United States of, 98, 99, 318, 322, 378, 382, 461; provinces in confederation of, 98, 99, 267, 318, 320-322, 337, 378, 443; Bolivar, President of confederation of, 99, 322, 378, 442, 443, 448, 450, 451; southern part under jurisdiction of Quito, 312; Constitution of Cucuta, 322, 386; confederation of, breaks up, 324, 388, 451, 452; at war with Peru, 324; civil wars in, 333, 337, 417, 450-458, 460, 470, 476, 481-485; boundaries of, 403; gold in, 404, 406-409, 412, 414, 416, 424; cities founded in, 404-406, 408, 409, 413-416, 424; climate of, 405, 406, 410, 422, 424, 425; rainfall in, 405; tropical forests of, 406; fertility of, 406, 410, 412, 414, 420, 421; Indian slavery in, 406, 416; negro slaves in, 422, 425; early civilisation of, 404, 409-412; population of, 409, 410, 413, 422, 424; territorial divisions of, 416; royal commissioners sent to, 417, 427; erected into a presidency, 418, 419; jurisdiction of presidency, 419, 420; colonial period of, 419-429; names of, 419, 458, 459, 461; education in, 420, 422, 454, 456, 461; roads built in, 420, 428; river transportation in, 420; creoles of, 421, 422, 427, 428, 430, 431, 476; agricultural products of, 421, 424, 428; Antioquia, great mineral province of, 422; commercial conditions in, 422, 425, 427, 428, 485; taxation in, 422, 424, 427, 428, 481; authors of, celebrated, 422; mineral products of, 424; Spanish colonial system in, 424, 427, 428, 431; decrease in population of, 425; smuggling in, 425;