religious conditions in, 425, 437, 455-458, 461, 462, 469, 470; governors of, 425, 428, 437; diseases rife in, 426; "Rebellion of the Communes" in, 427; viceroys of, 428, 430, 431; exports of, 428, 464; claim of, to Central America, 429; Congress of, 432, 433, 437, 439; battles in, 433, 437, 439, 441, 443, 461, 462, 467, 482; independence of, recognised, 442, 446; financial conditions in, 446, 447, 455, 463-466, 468, 472, 485; public debt of, 446, 447, 468, 469, 478, 479; credit of, 447; liberty of the Press in, 450, 457; numerous constitutions of, 452, 455, 457, 460-462, 468, 469, 475, 478, 480; political conditions in, 454-462, 465, 469, 476, 480, 481; right of suffrage in, 454, 459-461, 469; steam navigation introduced into, 455; death penalty abolished, 456, 461; campaign of, against Ecuador, 462; power of judiciary in, 462, 469; receipts from Panama railway, 464; franchise of railway extended, 465; becomes a consolidated republic, 468, 469, 479; name changed to Republic of, 468, 480; length of presidential term in, 469, 481; paper currency in, 470, 478, 485; negotiates treaties with United States, 470; rejects treaties, 471, 485, 486; Panama declares her independence of, 471; threatens war against United States, 472; future of, 472; appeals to United States, 480; demands of, in regard to Panama Canal, 485, 486 Colombian army, the, 98, 267, 323, 326, 337 Colon (city), 405; burned, 480; captured, 485; adheres to Panama, 488 Colonia (city), 152 Columbus, Bartholomew, 404 Columbus, Christopher, 347, 348 Concepcion, founded, 139, 140, 142, 151; burned, 145; destroyed by tidal wave, 154; patriots capture, 164; southern capital of Chile, 191 Concordat signed by Ecuador, 337 "Conquistadores," the, 50, 56, 424 Copiapo, valley of, 137; mines of, 199 Copper, 8, 117, 211, 238, 239 Copper-pan amalgamation process, 241 Coquimbo, founded, 138; northern capital of Chile, 151, 190 Cordero, Luis, President of Ecuador, 340, 341 Cordilleras, the, 4, 11, 33, 259, 286, 290, 376, 408 Cordoba, General, 387, 451 Cordoba, Gonzalo de, 21 Coro (city), 348-350, 360, 361, 406, 413, 420 Corregidors, 60, 64, 69, 243, 248, 249; abolished, 72, 254 "Corregimentos," 64 Cortes, Hernando, conqueror of Mexico, 22, 26, 44, 407 Cortes, the Spanish, 166,436 Cotopaxi, eruption of, 298 Cotton, 3, 8, 111, 113, 238, 412 Council of the Indies, 304 _Covadonga_, the, 119 Coya (city), 145 Creoles, 65, 66, 243, 279, 308, 310, 421; growth of revolutionary ideas among, 72, 74, 77, 84, 159, 160, 257, 311, 312, 338, 359-362, 388, 430; characteristics of, 272, 273, 357, 396, 422; education among, 307, 309, 310, 336, 353, 384; new race of, 354 Crespo, President of Venezuela, 396