Croix, General Theodore de, 72 Cuaspud, battle of, 337, 462 Cuba, captain-general of, 429 Cubagua, island of, 348 Cucuta (city), 382; Colombian Congress meets at, 443, 448 Cucuta, constitution of, 322, 443 Cuenca (city), 100 Cuenca (province), 291, 298, 312, 314, 323, 324, 327; plateau of, 288, 307, 308 Cumana, oldest city in South America, 348, 351, 383 Cumana (province), 356, 362; transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, 426 Cundinamarca, State of, 465 467, 469 Cuyo (province), 78, 149; separation of, from Chile, 155 Cuzco, plateau of, 3, 4, 9 Cuzco (city), Inca capital, 5, 12, 18, 19, 32, 33, 59, 63, 103, 108, 291, 295; military road from, 9, 18, 28; possessed by Spanish, 32-36, 39, 238, 258 D Darien, gold-mines of, 22; Gulf of, 403, 404 Daza, General, 278 De Lesseps, Ferdinand, 482 Drake, Sir Francis, 428 Ducasse captures Cartagena, 428 Duchisela, long reign of, 288 E Earthquake, of 1751, 154; of 1812, 363 Echenique, General, President of Peru, 109, 110 Ecuador, Cara conquest of, 11-13, 286-288; Inca conquest of, 12, 13, 17, 24, 288, 291-296; character of inhabitants of, 24, 27, 286, 287, 289, 307, 342, 343, 357, 409; gold and silver in, 27, 53, 307; military roads in, 12, 28, 307, 336; Spanish conquest of, 58, 67, 297 _et seq._; Inca cities in, 59; war of independence in, 76, 86, 309 _et seq._, 437; incorporation of, with Colombia, 98, 267, 318, 320-322, 443; the founder of, 101, 327; description of, 285-287, 290, 291; climate of, 285, 290; fertility of, 286, 290, 341-343; taxation in, 301, 307, 328, 336; area of, 302, 303; population of, 302, 303, 342, 343; European grains and fruits introduced into, 303, 308; cacao industry of, 303, 328, 332, 341; Catholic Church in, 305, 306, 309, 337; education in, 307, 309; the capital of, 307; decrease in population of, 307, 308, 328; negro slavery in, 307; presidency of Quito erected, 308, 321, 323, 324, 326, 327; under jurisdiction of New Granada, 308; audiencia established in, 308; junta appointed in, 313, 314; open cabildo summoned, 313; battles in, 293, 298, 316, 318, 324; independence of, declared, 324, 452; named, 324; treaty of, with Colombia, 327; civil war in, 328, 329, 337-341, 451; civil and constitutional government in, 329; reforms in government of, 330, 331, 336; financial conditions of, 31, 336; second South American republic recognised by Spain, 331; prosperity of, 332; numerous constitutions of, 333-335, 339; railways of, 342; manual industries of, 342; future of, 342, 343; under jurisdiction of Bogota, 426; Colombian campaign against, 462 Eldorado, 241, 349 Elephantiasis, 426 Elias, Campo, patriot leader, 368, 369 Emeralds, 27, 412, 417, 424 Encalada, Blanco, 80