Encomiendas, system of agricultural, 38, 46, 53, 65, 240, 242; abolished, 50, 51, 243, 417 England, granted privilege of exporting negroes to South America, 70; war between Spain and, 158; fleet of, destroys Venezuelan navy, 398; recognises independence of Colombia, 446 Errazuriz, President of Chile, 207, 228 _Esmeralda_, the, capture of, 82, 119; sale of, to Japan, 340 Espana, creole leader, 359, 360 Estremadura (province), 21, 26 F Falcon, General, 391-394 Federmann, explorer, 414 Ferdinand VII. of Spain, deposition and imprisonment of, 159, 311, 312, 360, 365, 370, 380; restoration of, 435 Fernandez, conspiracy of, 276 Flores, Antonio, President of Ecuador, 340 Flores, General, the founder of Ecuador, 101, 323, 324, 326-329, 333, 451 France, war between Spain and, 152, 256, 311, 312; recognises republic of Panama, 488 Franciscans, the, 68 Freire, General, 104, 191-194, 197 French scientists in Quito, 309 Fruits introduced into South America, 66, 151, 303, 308 G Gallo heads insurrection, 202 Gamarra, General, Dictator of Peru, 101-105, 270 Garrapata, battle of, 467 Gasca, Pedro de la, 54, 56, 57, 301 Gatajo, battle of, 341 Gauchos, 171, 261, 438 Gavilan, battle of, 172 Goajira, peninsula of, 348, 403, 404 Goats, 66 Gold, Spain's desire for, 26, 35, 53, 65, 66, 69, 241, 352; in Bolivia, 240, 246, 247; in Chile, 136, 138, 144; in Colombia, 404, 406-409, 412, 414, 416, 424; in Ecuador, 27, 53, 299, 307; in Peru, 25, 27, 32, 36; in Venezuela, 352 Goyeneche, General, 257, 361 Grains introduced into South America, 66, 151 Grapes, 66; cultivation of, forbidden, 159 Grau, Miguel, Admiral, 119-121 Great Britain, action of foreign office in regard to Bolivia, 275; threatened rupture between United States and, 398; abandons Isthmian colony, 429. _See also_ England. Groeningen, victory of, 62 Guaicaipuro, Indian chief, 350 Gual, creole leader, 359, 360 Gual, Pedro, 391 Guamanga, founded, 44, 49, 50, 60, 106, 126; battle at, 49, 50 Guano deposits, 109, 113, 114, 116, 127, 128, 206, 210 Guarany, Indians, the, 249; language, 306 Guatamala, 39, 298 Guayaquil (city), founded, 299; best port on Pacific coast of South America, 86, 101, 105, 299, 323, 324, 326, 335; population and wealth of, 328, 332, 341 Guayaquil (province), 312, 314, 317, 327, 444; cultivation of cacao and sugar-cane in, 308 Guayaquil, Gulf of, 12, 20, 25, 27, 285, 341 Guiana (province), under jurisdiction of Bogota, 356; transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, 361, 426 Guiana, British, 398 Guipuzcoa Company, the, 354-356, 358 Gutierrez brothers, the, 114, 116 Gutierrez, President of Colombia, 465 H Hague international tribunal, the, 399 Hayti, Bolivar flees to, 372; gold placers of, 404, 406 Heath, explorer, 278