_COLOMBIA_ I. CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT 403 II. COLONIAL TIMES 419 III. THE WAR AGAINST SPAIN 430 IV. MODERN COLOMBIA 446 _PANAMA_ THE EVENTS LEADING TO INDEPENDENCE 475 INDEX 491 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE CHURCH OF SAN FRANCISCO, LIMA _Frontispiece_ ANCIENT PERUVIAN MONUMENT 7 CHURCH OF THE JESUITS IN CUZCO ON THE SITE OF THE PALACE OF HUAYNA CAPAC 15 OBSEQUIES OF ATAHUALLPA 33 _From a painting by the Peruvian artist Monteros._ STONE BRIDGE OVER THE RIMAC RIVER, LIMA, PERU 37 RUE MERCADERES, PROCESSION DAY, LIMA 45 LITTLE "INFERNILLO" BRIDGE ON THE OROYA RAILWAY. ALTITUDE 10,924 FEET 55 PROMENADE OF THE ALAMEDA, LIMA 62 GENERAL VIEW OF LIMA, SHOWING THE CATHEDRAL 68 BAKER ON HORSEBACK, LIMA 75 THE MOLE AND HARBOUR OF CALLAO 83 CHURCH OF SAN FRANCISCO LIMA 87 MILK-WOMAN OF LIMA ON HORSEBACK 91 VILLAGE OF CHICLAY ON THE OROYA RAILWAY, 12,200 FEET ABOVE THE SEA 100 DON RAMON CASTILLA 107 STATUE OF BOLIVAR, LIMA, PERU 115 GENERAL DON ANDRES A. CACERES 129 MAP OF PERU _Facing_ 132 BRIDGE ON THE ROAD BETWEEN SANTIAGO AND MENDOZA 137 INDIAN ENCAMPMENT 146 HOUSE OF CONGRESS, SANTIAGO 153 PLAZA DEL ARMAS, SANTIAGO 157 BERNARDO O'HIGGINS 165 RAILROAD BRIDGE BETWEEN SANTIAGO AND VALPARAISO 169 TALCAHUANO 175 NATIVE COSTUMES IN CHILE ABOUT 1840 179 VIEW OF SANTIAGO, CHILE, ABOUT 1835 195 VIEW OF VALPARAISO 205 JOSE MANUEL BALMACEDA 221 THE PLAZA, VICTORIA, VALPARAISO 229 MONOLITHIC DOORWAY AT TRAHUANACO 237