For an understanding of the Southern South the materials are abundant but little systematized. In addition to the sources of direct information there is a literature of the Southern question beginning as far back as Samuel Sewall's pamphlet "Joseph Sold by His Brethren," published in 1700. Down to the Civil War the greater part of this literature was a controversy over slavery, which has little application to present problems, except as showing the temper of the times and as furnishing evidence to test the validity of certain traditions of the slavery epoch. The publications which are most helpful have appeared since 1880, and by far the greater number since 1900. Besides the formal books there is a shower of pamphlets and fugitive pieces; and newspapers and periodicals have lately given much space to the discussion of these topics. So multifarious is this literature that clues have become necessary, and there are three or four serviceable bibliographies, some on the negro problem and some on the Southern question as a whole. The earliest of these works is "Bibliography of the Negroes in America" (published in the "Reports" of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1894, vol. i). More searching, and embracing the whole field of the Negro's life in America, are two bibliographies by W. E. Burghardt DuBois, the first being "A Select Bibliography of the American Negro" ("Atlanta University Publications," 1901), and "A Select Bibliography of the Negro American" ("Atlanta University Publications," No. 10, 1905). A. P. C. Griffin has also published through the library of Congress "Select List of References on the Negro Question" (2d ed., 1906) and "List of Discussions of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments" (1906). One of the most useful select bibliographies is that of Walter L. Fleming in his "Reconstruction of the Seceded States, 1865-76" (1905). The author of this book, in his volume on "Slavery and Abolition" ("The American Nation," vol. xvi, 1908), has printed a bibliographical chapter upon the general question of negro servitude in America. The study of the Southern question would be much lightened were there a systematic general bibliography, with a critical discussion of the various works that may be listed.