1. A question is put to vote by the chairman having first distinctly restated it, that all may vote intelligently. First, the _affirmative,_ then the _negative_ is called; each so deliberately as to give all an opportunity of voting. He then distinctly announces whether the motion is _carried,_ or _lost._ 2. Voting is usually done by "aye" and "no," or by raising the hand. In a doubtful case by standing and being counted. On certain questions by ballot. 3. If the vote, as announced by the chairman, is doubted, it is called again, usually by standing to be counted. 4. All members should vote, unless for reasons excused; or unless under discipline, in which case they should take no part in the business. 5. The moderator does not usually vote, except the question be taken by ballot; but when the meeting is equally divided, he is expected, but is not obligated to give the casting vote. 6. When the vote is to be taken by ballot, the chairman appoints _tellers,_ to distribute, collect, and count the ballots. _Committees_ 1. Committees are nominated by the chairman, if so directed by the body, or by any member; and the nomination is confirmed by a vote of the body. More commonly the body directs that all committees shall be _appointed_ by the chairman, in which case no vote is needed to confirm. 2. Any matter of business, or subject under debate, may be _referred_ to a committee, with or without instructions. The committee make their _report,_ which is the result of their deliberations. The body then takes action on the report, and on any recommendations it may contain. 3. The report of a committee is _accepted_ by a vote, which acknowledges their services, and takes the report before the body for its action. Afterward, any distinct _recommendation_ contained in the report is acted on, and may be adopted or rejected. 4. Frequently, however, when the recommendations of the committee are of a trifling moment or likely to be generally acceptable, the report is _accepted_ and _adopted_ by the same vote. 5. A report may be _recommitted_ to the committee, with or without instructions; or that committee discharged, and the matter referred to a new one, for further consideration, so as to present it in a form more likely to meet the general concurrence of the body. 6. A committee may be appointed _with power_ for a specific purpose. This gives them power to dispose conclusively of the matter, without further reference to the body. 7. The first named in the appointment of a committee is by courtesy considered the _chairman._ But the committee has the right to name its own chairman. 8. The member who moves the appointment of a committee is usually, though not necessarily, named its chairman. 9. Committees of arrangement, or for other protracted service, _report progress_ from time to time, and are continued until their final report, or until their appointment expires by limitation.