The cities and hamlets of America will not witness again the drama of plunging horses speeding to a fire with a heavy, smoke-belching engine clattering behind; the piercing alarm of the steam fire whistle has been stilled. The era to which these things belonged lives now only in memory, pictures and words. This booklet has been prepared to help recapture for present-day readers at least a segment of that vanished world. Leather Buckets and “Musheens” [Illustration: A Fire Brigade] Although fire is one of man’s most useful servants, it has also been one of his deadliest enemies. Most of the great cities of the world at one time or another have been totally destroyed or badly damaged by fire. The number of lives lost to flames down through history will never be known, but it has been of staggering proportions. Early attempts in America at doing something about this constant peril consisted mainly of making the best of a bad situation, since technical knowledge was so limited that development of efficient fire-fighting machines was slow. Thus, in the first fire society, organized in 1718, members were charged with salvaging what they could when a neighbor’s house caught fire. Each man in the society carried a large bag, into which he stuffed the householder’s personal effects before they were consumed by the flames. Other equipment included a bed key with which to dismantle the family bed, usually the most valuable piece of furniture the colonist owned. Benjamin Franklin’s broad genius was to make itself felt in the field of fire-fighting as in others. The inventor-statesman was a co-founder of the first fire-fighting company in Philadelphia, in 1736, and also co-founder of the first successful fire insurance company in the United States, in 1752. The development of fire-fighting machines cannot be claimed exclusively by recent generations. As early as the reign of the Ptolemies in Egypt, some 200 years before the Christian era, a hand-pump fire engine was constructed which was similar to those later used in the 19th Century. This first known fire engine was described by the Greek writer Heron, who reported that the machine operated through a pump and air-chamber mechanism which forced water out of a spout by means of compressed air. As has frequently happened in the up-and-down course of history, the techniques involved in the manufacture of this early engine were lost. Richard Newsham of London is generally credited with invention of the first successful fire engine of more recent times. One of his hand-pump machines, an early model in a long line of “musheens” (machines), was imported by the City of New York in 1731 and was the first fire engine to be used in that city. In 1743, the first successful American hand pumper was built by Thomas Lote. For the most part, however, fire-fighting in colonial America was accomplished largely through the centuries-old “bucket brigade.”