How an old Bible city sent out a colony--Carthage attends strictly to its own business--Sicily a convenient place for a great fight--The Mamertines not far from Scylla and Charybdis--Ancient war-vessels and how they were rowed--The prestige of Carthage on the water destroyed-- Xanthippus the Spartan helps the Carthaginians--The horrible fate of noble Regulus--Hamilcar, the man of lightning, comes to view--Gates of the temple of Janus closed the second time--A perfidious queen overthrown--Two Gauls and two Greeks buried alive--Hannibal hates Rome --Rome and Carthage fight the second time--Scipio and Fabius the Delayer fight for Rome--Hannibal crosses the Alps--The terrible rout at Lake Trasimenus--A business man beaten--Syracuse falls and Archimedes dies--Fabius takes Tarentum--A great victory at the Metaurus--War carried to Africa and closed at Zama--Hannibal a wanderer. XI. THE NEW PUSHES THE OLD--WARS AND CONQUESTS Tumultuous women stir up the city--What the Oppian Law forbade--Cato the Stern opposes the women--The women find a valorous champion--How did the matrons establish their high character?--Two parties look at the growing influence of ideas from Greece--What were those influences?--How Rome coveted Eastern conquests--How Flamininus fought at the Dog-heads--How the Grecians cried for joy at the Isthmian games --Great battles at Thermopylæ and Magnesia, and their results-- Philopoemen, Hannibal, and Scipio die--The battle of Pydna marks an era--Greece despoiled of its works of art--Cato wishes Carthage destroyed--Numantia destroyed--The slaves in Sicily give trouble. XII. A FUTILE EFFORT AT REFORM Scipio gives away his daughter--Tiberius Gracchus serves the state-- Romans without family altars or tombs--Cornelia urges Gracchus to do somewhat for the state--Gracchus misses an opportunity--Another son of Cornelia comes to the front--The younger Gracchus builds roads and makes good laws--Drusus undermines the reformer--Office looked upon as a means of getting riches--Marius and Sulla appear--Jugurtha fights and bribes--Metellus, the general of integrity--Marius captures Jugurtha--A shadow falls upon Rome--A terrible battle at Vercellæ--The slaves rise again--The Domitian law restricts the rights of the senate--The ill- gotten gold of Toulouse. XIII. SOCIAL AND CIVIL WARS The agrarian laws of Appuleius--Luxury increases and faith falls away-- Rome for the Romans--Another Drusus appears--The brave Marsians menace Rome--Ten new tribes formed--A war with Mithridates of Pontus--Marius and Sulla struggle and Marius goes to the wall--Sulla besieges Athens-- Sulla threatens the senate--The capitol burned--A battle at the Colline Gate--Proscription and carnage--Sulla makes laws and retires to see the effect--A _congiarium_--A grand funeral and a cremation. XIV. THE MASTER-SPIRITS OF THIS AGE