Grecian influence on Roman mental culture--Textbooks--Cato and Varro on education--Dictation and copy-books--The early writers--Fabius Pictor-- Plautus--Terence--Atellan plays--Cicero's works--Varro's works--Cæsar and Catullus--Lucretius--Ovid and Tibullus--Sallust--Livy--Horace-- Cornelius Nepos--Virgil and his works--Life at the villa of Mæcenas. XX. THE ROMAN REPUBLICANS SERIOUS AND GAY The will of the gods sought for--The first temples--Festivals in the first month--Vinalia and Saturnalia--Fires of Vulcan and Vesta-- Matronly and family services--No mythology at first--Colleges of priests needed--An incursion of Greek philosophers--Games of childhood --Checkers and other games of chance--The people cry for games--Games in the circus--The amphitheatre invented--Men and beasts fight--Funeral ceremonies--Charon paid--The mourning procession--Inurning the ashes --The columbarium--The Roman May-day--Change from rustic simplicity to urban orgies. INDEX. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. MAP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE MAP OF ANCIENT ROME VIEW OF THE COLOSSEUM AND PORTION OF MODERN ROME THE PLAIN OF TROY IN MODERN TIMES ROMAN GIRLS WITH A STYLUS AND WRITING-TABLET A ROMAN ALTAR MONUMENT OF THE HORATII AND THE CURIATII MOUTH OF THE CLOACA MAXIMA AT THE TIBER, AND THE SO-CALLED TEMPLE OF VESTA ROMAN SOLDIERS, COSTUMES AND ARMOR THE RAVINE OF DELPHI THE CAPITOL RESTORED ROMAN STREET PAVEMENT A PHOENICIAN VESSEL (TRIREME) A ROMAN WAR-VESSEL HANNIBAL TERENCE, THE LAST ROMAN COMIC POET PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS A ROMAN MATRON ROMAN HEAD-DRESSES GLADIATORS AT A FUNERAL ACTORS' MASKS A ROMAN MILE-STONE IN A ROMAN STUDY PLAN OF A ROMAN CAMP IN THE TIME OF THE REPUBLIC POMPEY (CNEIUS POMPEIUS MAGNUS) CAIUS JULIUS CÆSAR GLADIATORS TRIUMPHAL PROCESSION OF A ROMAN GENERAL INTERIOR OF A ROMAN HOUSE A ROMAN POETESS THE FORUM ROMANUM IN MODERN TIMES AN ELEPHANT IN ARMOR ITALIAN AND GERMAN ALLIES, COSTUMES AND ARMOR INTERIOR OF THE FORUM ROMANUM MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO CLEOPATRA'S SHOW SHIP ANCIENT STATUE OF AUGUSTUS THE HOUSE-PHILOSOPHER DINING-TABLE AND COUCHES COVERINGS FOR THE FEET ARTICLES OF THE ROMAN TOILET RUINS OF THE COLOSSEUM, SEEN FROM THE PALATINE HILL A COLUMBARIUM THE STORY OF ROME. I. ONCE UPON A TIME.