The reign of Sancho I.--The successes of the Moors--Sancho’s internal administration--His quarrels with the clergy and the Pope--The marriages of his children--The reign of Affonso II. “the Fat”--Recapture of Alcacer do Sal and defeat of the Moors--Arrival of the friars--The reign of Sancho II.--The capture of Elvas--His quarrels with his bishops--He is deposed by the Pope--The reign of Affonso III.--His conquest of the Algarves--His alliance with his people--The Cortes--His death. V. THE CONSOLIDATION OF PORTUGAL 85 The reign of Diniz--The Order of Christ--His internal administration--His encouragement of literature--Portuguese poetry--Stanzas of Camoens on Diniz--Affonso IV. “the Brave”--The victory of the Salado--Friendship between Portugal and England--The murder of Ines de Castro--Pedro “the Severe”--Ferdinand “the Handsome”--The Queen Leonor--Riot in Lisbon--War between Portugal and Castile--The wickedness of the queen--The Treaty of Salvaterra--The Portuguese revolt under Dom John of Aviz--The defence of Lisbon--Dom John elected king--The victory of Aljubarrota--The Treaty of Windsor and alliance with John of Gaunt--Peace with Castile. VI. PORTUGAL DURING THE AGE OF EXPLORATION 115 The policy of John “the Great”--The alliance with England--His internal administration--The power of the feudal nobility--The capture of Ceuta--The king’s sons--The growth of Portuguese literature--The reign of Duarte or Edward--The expedition to Tangier--The “Constant Prince”--Dispute as to the regency--Dom Pedro regent--Overthrown at battle of Alfarrobeira--The reign of Affonso V. “the African”--His African expeditions--War with Castile--Defeated at Toro--His patronage of literature. VII. THE PORTUGUESE EXPLORERS 140 Prince Henry “the Navigator” and his work--The importance of a direct route to India--The discovery of Madeira--The story of Robert Machin--The discovery of the Azores--Cape Bojador passed--The commencement of the African slave trade--The discovery of Guinea, and of Cape Verde--The voyage of Cadamosto--Death of Prince Henry--The equator crossed--Discovery of the Congo--The Cape of Good Hope reached and doubled. VIII. THE HEROIC AGE OF PORTUGAL 158 John II. “the Perfect”--Overthrow of the power of the nobility--His foreign policy--Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain--Friendship with England--His encouragement of exploration--His court--Emmanuel “the Fortunate”--Expulsion of the Jews--His policy and marriages--The discoveries of the Portuguese--The seeds of decline--John III.--His policy--The abandonment of the ports in Morocco--Corruption at Court--Rapid depopulation of Portugal--The Inquisition and the Jesuits--Death John III. IX. THE PORTUGUESE IN INDIA AND THE EASTERN SEAS 185