Romantic interest of the story of the Portuguese in India--The voyage of Vasco da Gama--State of India, when he reached it--His return--The voyage of Cabral and the victory of Pacheco--The viceroyalties of Almeida and Alboquerque--The capture of Goa--Alboquerque establishes a factory at Malacca and attacks Aden--The policy of Alboquerque--The rule of his successors--Their policy and the nature of their government--The Christian missionaries--S. Francis Xavier--The viceroyalty of Castro--His victory at Diu--The successors of Castro--The settlements in South-east Africa--The Portuguese at Malacca and in the Spice Islands--Their communications with China and Japan--The career of Mendes Pinto--Extraordinary energy of the Portuguese in Asia. X. THE PORTUGUESE IN BRAZIL 220 Importance of Brazil to Portugal--Cabral’s discovery of the country--Spain abandons its claims--The aboriginal inhabitants--Early days--The first settlers and their government--Emigration from Portugal--The viceroyalty of Thomas de Sousa--The Jesuits and their work--The government of Duarte da Costa--Failure of the French Huguenots to establish themselves in Brazil. XI. THE LAST KINGS OF THE HOUSE OF AVIZ--DOM SEBASTIAN AND THE CARDINAL HENRY 236 The rapid decay of Portugal--The accession of Sebastian--The regency of Queen Catherine--The regency of the Cardinal Henry--The character of Sebastian--His crusading ardour--The Portuguese in India--Athaide’s defence of Goa--Sebastian determines to invade Morocco--His applications for foreign aid--His preparations--He lands in Africa--The defeat of Alcacer Quibir--The death of Sebastian--The reign of the Cardinal Henry. XII. PORTUGUESE LITERATURE--CAMOENS 259 The “Golden Age” of Portuguese literature--The revival of classical learning--History of the University of Coimbra--Gil Vicente--Bernardim Ribeiro--Sá de Miranda--Ferreira--Camoens--His life--His “Lusiads”--João de Barros--Other writers--Decline of Portuguese literature. XIII. THE SIXTY YEARS’ CAPTIVITY 278 The claimants to the Portuguese crown--Defeat of the Prior of Crato--Philip II. of Spain recognized as king of Portugal--Further efforts and death of the Prior of Crato--The false Dom Sebastians--The government of Spain and its disastrous results--The reign of Philip II.--The Portuguese in Asia--The conquest of Kandy--The missionaries and the Inquisition--The Dutch and the English overthrow the Portuguese power in Asia--The Dutch in Brazil--Count Maurice of Nassau--Results of the rule of Spain. XIV. THE REVOLUTION OF 1640 300