MODERN PORTUGAL--CIVIL WARS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT 409 John IV. his queen, and his sons Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel--Oporto and Lisbon revolt against the Regency--The Constitution of 1821--Brazil declares itself independent--The Constitution abrogated--Death of John VI.--The influence of the army--The Charter of 1826--Pedro IV. abdicates in favour of Maria II.--Dom Miguel, Regent--Elected King--Reign of Dom Miguel--The “Miguelite” war, 1830-34--Convention of Evora Monte--Reign of Maria da Gloria--Civil wars and “pronunciamentos”--Era of peaceful parliamentary government--Reigns of Pedro V. and Luis I.--Accession of Carlos I.--The Portuguese settlements in Africa--Material prosperity--The literary revival--Lessons taught by the history of Portugal--Conclusion. INDEX 433 GENEALOGICAL TABLES-- I. The Descendants of John “the Great” 139 II. The Descendants of Emmanuel 279 III. The Dukes of Braganza 303 [Illustration: text decoration] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL _Frontispiece_ SPECIMEN OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 9 VIEW OF OPORTO AND VILLA NOVA FROM THE SERRA CONVENT 16 COIMBRA (PRESENT STATE) 27 A VIEW OF THE ANCIENT MOORISH BATH AT CINTRA 42 ARCH OF THE WESTERN ENTRANCE TO AN OLD CHAPEL AT LEIRIA 47 VIEW OF LISBON 50 CONVENTO DE CHRISTO AT THOMAR 61 PRINCIPAL FAÇADE OF THE IGREGA DOS JERONYMOS AT BELEM (PRESENT STATE) 68 GATE AND WINDOW OF THE MONASTERY OF BELEM 77 FAÇADE OF LISBON CATHEDRAL 82 INES DE CASTRO 96 VIEW OF THE PALACE AT LISBON 108 TWO SIDES OF THE ROYAL CHAPEL OF THE MONASTERY OF BATALHA (PRESENT STATE) 112 KING JOHN THE GREAT 116 QUEEN PHILIPPA 123 PORTUGUESE GOLD COINS 136, 137 ST. SALVADOR IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 142 STATUE OF PRINCE HENRY 152 TOMB OF PRINCE HENRY 155 CHART OF GOA 166 VASCO DA GAMA 168