Thus the lamentable occurrence at Sinope may be accounted for; the squadron having been obliged to anchor there on its way to Batoum, because nearly all the sailors were sea-sick. The officers themselves are illiterate, and ignorant of the science of navigation. It is true that some few have been educated in the British navy, who are now distinguished in the Turkish marine--and it is to be hoped that many of the scholars of the new naval academy will hereafter elevate the character of their nation on the seas; though there are not the same incentives to maritime emulation as exist in England and America, or even in France. The general staff of the navy contains, 3 Admirals, 5 Vice Admirals, 8 Rear Admirals. The staff of a man-of-war of first rank, contains, 1 Commander--whose rank is equal to Lieutenant-Colonel. 1 Second commander Chef de bataillon. 1 Hodja Major. 16 Mulazims Lieutenants. 1 Physician, 2 Surgeons, 1 Imam or chaplain, and from 800 to 900 men. The entire naval force is under the command of a Captain Pasha or High Admiral, who is the Minister of the Navy. The men, subalterns and even captains, both of the army and navy, are most miserably paid. A common soldier at the rate of seventy-five cents a month, and a captain eleven dollars and rations--so that any deficiency in hospitality or style of living, is not to be attributed to indifference on their own part. CHAPTER XIV. COMMERCE. The trade of Turkey, including that of Egypt and the Danubian Principalities, amounted, in 1852, to Imports, £11,828,300 Sterling. Exports, 10,644,450 Sterling. The Osmanlis, having no commercial marine except their own few coasters--the whole foreign, and great part of the internal trade, is carried on by 35,000 foreign vessels; whose aggregate tonnage amounts to 5,000,000 annually, and they are admitted to her ports at small charges. The tariff of Turkey is but nominal; being only three per cent. on all exports, and two per cent. additional as consumptive duty--making altogether, five per cent. on their value. This free-trade principle, is not, however, purely from liberal motives, but the result of foreign compulsion, and their own ignorance of political economy. For, in their anxiety to counterbalance the deficiencies of the treasury, caused by unjust treaties extorted from them by foreign powers, they have imposed a duty of no less than thirteen per cent. on all their produce or exports, so that, when the governmental tithe upon the raw material, the various other direct and indirect taxes on the same, and the onerous export duty are together taken into consideration, the cost of the produce is, in effect, raised to about 30 or 35 per cent. above its original value.