(_a_) Materials necessary to the manufactures and agriculture of the country shall be taxed as low as possible. (_b_) Likewise all articles which may be classed as necessaries of life. (_c_) Luxuries shall be subjected to the highest duties. 2. Export duties shall also be as low as possible. 3. The customs legislation shall include suitable provisions for the continuance of commercial and market intercourse across the frontier. The freedom of trade and of industry is guaranteed throughout the whole of the Confederation: excepted from this rule are the salt and gunpowder monopolies, the Federal customs, measures of sanitary police against epidemics and cattle diseases, import duties on wines and other spirituous liquors, and other taxes on consumption expressly permitted by the Confederation, under certain restrictions: but all the import duties levied by the Cantons as well as the similar duties levied by the Communes to cease, without indemnity, at the end of the year 1890. The Confederation has power to enact uniform provisions as to the labor of children in factories, and as to the duration of labor fixed for adults therein, and as to the protection of workmen against the operation of unhealthy and dangerous manufactures. The business of emigration agents and of private insurance companies shall be subject to the supervision and legislation of the Confederation. The opening of gambling-houses is forbidden (those in existence allowed until December 31, 1877, to close); necessary measures may also be taken concerning lotteries. The post and telegraphs (now includes the telephone) in all Switzerland are controlled by the Confederation, and the proceeds belong to the Federal Treasury; the tariff charges shall be regulated according to uniform principles in as equitable a manner as possible, and inviolable secrecy of letters and telegrams is guaranteed. To the Confederation belongs the exercise of all rights included in the coinage monopoly: it alone shall coin money, establish the monetary system, and enact provisions, if necessary, for the rate of exchange of foreign coins, and to make by law general provisions as to the issue and redemption of banknotes: it shall not, however, establish any monopoly for the issue of banknotes, nor make them a legal tender. The Confederation fixes the standard of weights and measures. The manufacture and the sale of gunpowder throughout Switzerland pertains exclusively to the Confederation (the manufacture and sale of spirituous liquors was made a Federal monopoly December 22, 1885). Every citizen of a Canton is also a Swiss citizen, and as such he may participate in the place where he is domiciled in all Federal elections and popular votes, after having duly