The same characteristics in all those points in which it is affected by protection, will be found in the Factory, but the peculiarities of the other contrasted class will be absent from the Factory. In the Imperial Industrial Code, especially in the _von Berlepsch_ Bill, the following four categories of employment are placed on the same footing as the Factory; in the case of the first three the inclusion is obligatory, in the case of the last it is optional and depends on the pleasure of the Bundesrath (local authority): 1. Mines, salt-pits (salines), preparatory work above ground, and underground work, in mines and quarries (other than those referred to in the Factory Regulations). 2. Smelting-houses, carpenter's yards, and other building-yards, wharves, and such brick-kilns, mines, and quarries as are worked above ground and are not merely temporary and on a small scale. 3. Those work-shops in which power machinery is employed (straw, wind, water, gas, electricity, etc.) not merely temporarily. 4. "Other" workshops to which factory protection (except as regards working rules) can be extended under the Imperial decree, at the discretion of the Bundesrath.[5] A common designation is needed which will include all these four categories. We might use the word "workshops" were it not that the employments enumerated in classes 1 and 2 cannot precisely be included in "workshops," and were it not that class 4 as it appears in protective legislation denotes "another kind" of workshop distinct from that of class 3. In default of a more accurate expression we will use therefore the term "quasi-factory business" as a general designation for those classes of business which are placed by the protective laws on the same, or approximately the same, footing as the Factory. Factory protection is not extended to those "workshops in which the workers belong exclusively to the family of the employer," therefore not to family-industry in workshops, and still less to family-industry not carried on in workshops, nor to work in the dwelling-houses of the employer, or (as is usually the case in household industry) of the worker (orders of all kinds executed at home, household industry). At least the new Sec. 154 of the Bill does not bring such work into any closer relationship than before with the Factory. By contrast and comparison the following characteristics (_a_ to _i_) will help us towards a fuller conception of the sense of the Factory from the point of view of protective legislation, as understood by the latest German enactments: _a._ The Factory employs exclusively or mainly those who do not belong to the family of the employer, and in any case _not merely those who do_. _b._ The work of a Factory is entirely carried on outside the dwelling of the employer and of the wage-worker.