_c._ The work of a Factory is the preparation and manufacture of commodities (industrial work, including all kinds of printing), not production or first handling of raw material, as in mining industries. _d._ The work of a Factory is work in which the wage-workers are constantly shut up together in buildings or in enclosures, and is not work in open spaces, or which moves from place to place, as in the case of work on wharves, in building yards, etc. _e._ The work of a Factory is carried on by power machinery, hence (if this inference _a contrario_ be admissible) not only hand-manufacture, and thus it appears to include what I have called quasi-factory business and have mentioned in class 3 (_supra_). _f._ The work of a Factory is continuous, and _g._ Is carried on on a large scale, and with a large number of workpeople, hence (_f_ and _g_) it may be compared to the quasi-factory business of class 2 (_supra_) for the purposes of a protective Code. _h._ The work of a Factory is carried on in workplaces provided by the employer, not in the rooms of the workers or of a middleman. _i._ The work of a Factory results in the immediate sale of the commodities produced, and does not consign them to the wholesale dealer to be prepared and dressed, or distributed by wholesale or retail, _i.e._ the Factory has absolute control of the sale of the commodities produced, in contradistinction to household industry. Thus the Factory as understood by the German labour-protective laws is commercially independent (characteristic _i_), industrial (_c_), carried on on a large scale (_g_), and continuously (_f_), in enclosed (_d_), specially appointed (_b_) work-rooms provided by the employer (_h_), with the help of power machinery (_e_), and by wage-workers not belonging to the family of the employer (_a_). Purely hand-manufacturing wholesale business should also be counted as factory-labour; for the fact that workshop business carried on with the help of power machinery is declared to be on the same footing as factory-labour means only this: that it presupposes the same need of protection felt in factories where the business is carried on with the help of power machinery, as is the case in most factories; it does not mean that certain kinds of manufacturing wholesale business carried on without power machinery (of which there are very few) should not be counted as factories. We are therefore justified in dropping characteristic _e_ of the theoretical conception of the Factory, as understood in Germany.