The Theory of Moral Sentiments: Or, an Essay Towards an Analysis of the Principles by Which Men Naturally Judge Concerning the Conduct and Character, First of Their Neighbours, and Afterwards of Themselves. to Which Is Added, a Dissertation on the Origin of Languages.Smith, Adam
Philosophy
The Theory of Moral Sentiments: Or, an Essay Towards an Analysis of the Principles by Which Men Naturally Judge Concerning the Conduct and Character, First of Their Neighbours, and Afterwards of Themselves. to Which Is Added, a Dissertation on the Origin of Languages.
Smith, Adam
Ethics -- Early works to 1800; Language and languages -- Early works to 1800
But as the event, or matter of fact, which is expressed by a verb, may
be affirmed either of the person who speaks, or of the person who is
spoken to, as well as of some third person or object, it became
necessary to fall upon some method of expressing these two peculiar
relations of the event. In the English language this is commonly done,
by prefixing, what are called the personal pronouns, to the general word
which expresses the event affirmed. _I came_, _you came_, _he_ or _it
came_; in these phrases the event of having come is, in the first,
affirmed of the speaker; in the second, of the person spoken to; in the
third, of some other person, or object. The first formers of language,
it may be imagined, might have done the same thing, and prefixing in the
same manner the two first personal pronouns, to the same termination of
the verb, which expressed the third person singular, might have said,
_ego venit_, _tu venit_, as well as _ille_ or _illud venit_. And I make
no doubt but they would have done so, if at the time when they had first
occasion to express these relations of the verb, there had been any such
words as either _ego_ or _tu_ in their language. But in this early
period of the language, which we are now endeavouring to describe, it is
extremely improbable that any such words would be known. Though custom
has now rendered them familiar to us, they, both of them, express ideas
extremely metaphysical and abstract. The word _I_, for example, is a
word of a very particular species. Whatever speaks may denote itself by
this personal pronoun. The word _I_, therefore, is a general word,
capable of being predicated, as the logicians say, of an infinite
variety of objects. It differs, however, from all other general words in
this respect; that the objects of which it may be predicated, do not
form any particular species of objects distinguished from all others.
The word _I_, does not, like the word _man_, denote a particular class
of objects, separated from all others by peculiar qualities of their
own. It is far from being the name of a species, but, on the contrary,
whenever it is made use of, it always denotes a precise individual, the
particular person who then speaks. It may be said to be, at once, both
what the logicians call, a singular, and what they call, a common term;
and to join in its signification the seemingly opposite qualities of the
most precise individuality, and the most extensive generalization. This
word, therefore, expressing so very abstract and metaphysical an idea,
would not easily or readily occur to the first formers of language. What
are called the personal pronouns, it may be observed, are among the last
words of which children learn to make use. A child, speaking of itself,
says, _Billy walks_, _Billy sits_, instead of _I walk_, _I sit_. As in
the beginnings of language, therefore, mankind seem to have evaded the
invention of at least the more abstract proportions, and to have
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
Reviews
Reviews
No reviews yet
Be the first to share your thoughts on this work.
Elsewhere in the archive
Join the Discussion
Join the discussion
Sign in to leave a comment or review.
Sign InorCreate an account