Dec. 4. Death of Richelieu 201 SECTION V.--_Aims and Character of Richelieu (December 1642-May 1643)._ Richelieu's domestic policy 201 Contrast between France and England 202 Richelieu's foreign policy 203 1643 Moderation of his aims 204 May 14. Death of Lewis XIII 205 SECTION VI.--_More French Victories (May 1643--August 1645)._ 1643 Rule of Cardinal Mazarin 205 May 19. Enghien defeats the Spaniards at Rocroy 206 The French kept in check in Germany 207 1644 Enghien and Turenne. Battle of Freiburg 208 July _Battle of Marston Moor_ 1645 Second Battle of Nördlingen 208 Aug. 3. Mar. 6. Swedish victory at Jankow 209 CHAPTER XI. THE END OF THE WAR. SECTION I.--_Turenne's Strategy (June 1645-October 1648)._ 1645 Negotiations for peace begun 209 June _Battle of Naseby_ Aims of the Emperor and the Duke of Bavaria 210 1646 Turenne outmanoeuvres the Imperialists 212 1647 Truce between the French and the Bavarians 213 May-Sept. 1648 Defeat of the Bavarians at Zusmarshausen 213 May 17. SECTION II.--_The Treaty of Westphalia (Oct. 1648)._ 1648 Terms of the peace 213 Oct. 24. How far was toleration effected by it 214 General desire for peace 217 SECTION III.--_Condition of Germany._ Debasing effects of the war 217 Decrease of the population 218 Moral and intellectual decadence 218 Disintegration of Germany 220 Protestantism saved, and with it the future culture of Germany 220 SECTION IV.--_Continuance of the War between France and Spain (1648-1660)._ 1648 Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic 221 1649 _Execution of Charles I._ The Fronde 222 Continuance of the war with Spain 223 Alliance between France and Cromwell 223 1660 Treaty of Pyrenees 224 French greatness based on Tolerance 225