The economic life, then, is dependent on the one hand on those
relations in "right," which the State establishes between the persons
and groups of persons engaged in economic work, just as, on the other
hand, it is subject to the conditions of the nature-basis (climate,
local features, presence of mineral wealth, etc.). The bounds are
thus marked out on either side for the proper and possible activities
of economic life. Just as nature creates predetermining conditions,
which lie outside the economic sphere, and must be accepted by the
man at work in it as the given premises on which all his economic
work must be based,--so everything in the economic sphere that
establishes a "relation in right" between man and man, must, in a
healthy social organism, be regulated by the "rights-State," which,
like the nature-basis, goes on alongside and independently of the
economic life. In the present social organism,--as developed in the
course of mankind's historic evolution up till now,--economic life
occupies an unduly large place, and sets the peculiar stamp that it
has acquired from the machine-age and modern capitalism upon the whole
social movement. It has come to include more than it should include
in any healthy society. In the present day, trafficking to and fro
within the economic circuit, where only commodities should traffic,
we find human labour-power, and human rights besides. At the present
day, within the body economic, one can truck not only commodities for
commodities, but commodities for human labour,--and for human rights
as well, and all by the very same economic process. (By "commodity"
I mean everything which through human activity has acquired the form
in which it is finally brought by man to its place of destination for
consumption. Economists may perhaps find this definition objectionable
or inadequate; but it may be serviceable towards an understanding of
what properly belongs to economic life. [3])
When anyone acquires a plot of land by purchase, one must regard it as
an exchange of the land for commodities for which the purchase money
stands proxy. The plot of land however does not act as a commodity in
economic life. It holds its position in the body social through the
"right" the owner has to use it. There is an essential difference
between this right of use, and the relation of a producer to the
commodity he produces. From the very nature of the producer's relation
to his product, it cannot possibly enter into the totally different
kind of man-to-man relation created by the fact that someone has been
granted the sole right to use a certain piece of land. Other men are
obliged to live on this land, or the owner sets them to work on it
for their living; and thus he brings them into a State of dependence
upon himself. The fact of mutually exchanging genuine commodities,
which one produces or consumes, does not establish a dependence that
affects the man-to-man relation in the same kind of way.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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