The tribes and castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Volume 2 (of 4)Crooke, William
History
The tribes and castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, Volume 2 (of 4)
Crooke, William
Caste -- India -- History; Hindus -- India; Tribes -- India -- History
2. The Dâdupanthis are usually divided into the Virakta, or “those void
of attachment to worldly objects,” who go bare-headed, wear only a
single garment, and carry a drinking vessel; the Nâga or “naked
ascetics,” and the Vastradhâri, or “those who wear clothes” and lead a
family life. They have, in fact, like most religious communities in
India, an exoteric and an esoteric order. The exoteric or uninitiated
are the householders and disciples of the Swâmi Sâdhu, or initiated
order. These householders (grihastha) read, believe, and practise
certain of the doctrines of the Bâni or book of songs, which embody the
rules of the sect, and furnish the Dâdupanthi Swâmi with food and
accommodation when he visits their villages. They are not put out of
caste for becoming disciples (chela), and so retain all their marriage
and social rights and privileges.
Those of high caste retain their Brâhmanical cord (janeû) and other
charms, and are frequently found in the temples at idol worship. They
regularly attend the fairs (mela) of the sect and provide for the
support of the mendicant members of the community.
3. The esoteric branch are known as Swâmi, “master;” Sâdhu, “saint;”
Sant, “holy man,” or Guru, “teacher.” They renounce the world and live
under rules of celibacy and chastity, which are very strictly enforced.
Some of them are teachers (guru), of whom many are good scholars and
have a large following of disciples to whom they teach the bâni. These
wander about the country and are entertained by the faithful. Others
are mere beggars without any learning. They usually beg from door to
door, wear ochre-coloured clothes, and the bead necklace which is
forbidden by the strict rules of the order. Others practise worldly
professions. Thus some of the richest money-lenders in Jaypur are
Dâdupanthis; others are doctors, who have no knowledge of scientific
surgery or physic, and merely know some Sanskrit verses and charms for
the treatment of disease; a few keep grocery shops; others sell milk.
4. The Nâga or Military Dâdupanthis live in seven camps or villages in
the neighbourhood of Jaypur. Their pay is one anna per able-bodied man
a day. They are occasionally sent out to coerce revenue defaulters.
They are never all out on duty at the same time, and while they are
employed they are paid at the rate of two annas per diem. Those left at
home cultivate land, breed camels or lend money. Their founder is said
to have been Bhîm Sinh, a younger brother of one of the Râjas of
Bikâner. They have done good service to the State in former times, and
were faithful in the Mutiny. They are simple, quiet men, but now hardly
deserve the name of soldier. They are recruited by adoption from all
the higher Hindu castes, and as a natural result of a generation of
peace their numbers have much reduced.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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