mentioned as still alive; in which case the author of the song could of course not have described, and been eye-witness of, events which took place nearly a century after the death of the lion-hearted king. But Millot’s supposition is quite erroneous, and the young Englishman alluded to is evidently King Edward I., whose accession (1272) seems to have roused expectations to be temporarily realised under his grandson. That the aspirations of the Black Prince, and later on of Henry V., should have been foreshadowed at this early period, is undoubtedly an important fact to the student of English history—one of the numerous important facts, indeed, which might be gleaned from the works of the Troubadours, and which make the total neglect of these works amongst us so unaccountable. Of much greater importance than the Navarrese chronicle is the celebrated song of the crusade against the Albigeois heretics and their chief protector, Count Raimon of Toulouse. The author or authors (for most probably there were two) of this poem also were contemporaries and eye-witnesses of many of the incidents of this cruel war, the ultimate issue of which proved fatal to the literary and political independence of the south of France. A fuller account of this work will be found where we come to consider the prominent part taken by the Troubadours in the vital struggle of their country. In connection with the chronicle of the Albigeois crusade may be mentioned the only poem of importance which the _langue d’oc_ contributed to the spirited dogmatic controversy incessantly carried on between the heretics and the champions of the Church. The little interest taken by the Troubadours in the doctrinal aspect of the case may account for this paucity of documents.[2] A great number of heretical writings have undoubtedly been destroyed by the intolerant rage of monks and inquisitors, but it is by no means certain that many, or indeed any, of these were written by, or in the language of, the Troubadours. If so, one cannot but wonder why the violent attacks on the moral depravity of the clergy, with which Provençal literature is teeming, should have escaped the same fate.