Imagine an expanse of marshes 100,000 square miles in extent, covered with calamites, ferns, sigillaria, lepidodendra remaining motionless for countless centuries, and then suddenly sinking beneath the waves of the sea in order to receive a sea-formed bed for a covering; and in the universal burial to preserve but a few fossils, and they in a horizontal position, while in the clays immediately above and below the coal beds they are found in profusion; that in due time the vast area arose from its baptism, and on the thin layer of clay millions of the same plants grew until they formed another bed of coal, when it sinks again beneath the waves, and this oscillation continued until it had been buried twenty, forty or one hundred times, and you have the old theory of how coal was formed. But if the old theory concerning the formation of coal is correct, how did it occur that the earth in rising out of the ocean stopped each time in the right place for swamp vegetation to accumulate? According to the highest authority coal is not formed from sea-plants, for they cannot emit any considerable amount of caloric, but it is the product of land plants. Then why do we find coal scattered over a vast area of sea bottom? The structure of continents show that they have remained such from their first formation. Some of the geologic formations, as the Carboniferous-conglomerates, took place all over the earth at the same time. How could this be except it came from the Annular system? Were we to have a shower of carbon dust it would settle to the bottom of the sea all over the irregularities of the same. Then sand beds accumulating for ages would settle over it. These would form a greater thickness in some places than in others; hence a succeeding fall of carbon settling upon the ocean floor would not form a bed exactly parallel with the first. This is precisely what we find to be true in the carbon deposits. The distance in coal seams may vary from twenty feet in one place to forty feet in another place in the same neighborhood, which is the result of irregularity in the ocean floor. Bowlders are found in coal seams which means that coal beds have been formed under water; and if a foreign bowlder that the coal seam was formed at the bottom of the ocean. Bowlders have been found in the middle of coal seams with glacial marks upon them, showing that they have been dropped from icebergs into the forming coal beds at the bottom of the sea. Foreign water-worn bowlders are frequently found in coal beds.