The submission of Rögnvaldr, king of Northumbria and the mention
of Norsemen need some comment. On the death of Halfdanr in 877 an
interregnum of seven years ensued and then, in accordance with
instructions given by St Cuthbert in a vision to abbot Eadred of
Carlisle, the Northumbrians chose a certain Guthred (O.N. Guðröðr) as
their king. He was possibly a nephew of the late king, ruled till 894,
and was also known as Cnut (O.N. Knútr). We have coins bearing the
inscription 'Elfred rex' on the obverse and 'Cnut rex' on the reverse,
indicating apparently some overlordship of king Alfred. Together with
these we have some coins with 'Cnut rex' on the obverse and 'Siefredus'
or (Sievert) on the reverse, and others, minted at 'Ebroice civitas'
(i.e. York), with the sole inscription 'Siefredus rex.' This latter
king would seem to have been first a subordinate partner and then,
on Guðröðr's death, sole ruler of Northumbria. Other coins belonging
to about the same period and found in the great Cuerdale hoard near
Preston, bear the inscription 'Sitric Comes,' and there is good reason
to believe that Siefredus (O.N. Sigröðr) and Sitric (O.N. Sigtryggr)
are to be identified with Sichfrith and Sitriucc who just at this time
are mentioned in the Irish annals as rival leaders of the Norsemen in
Dublin. The identification is important as it shows us that Northumbria
was now being brought into definite connexion with the Norse kingdom
of Dublin and that the Norse element was asserting itself at the
expense of the Danish in Northern England.
The rule of Sigröðr and Sigtryggr alike had come to an end by 911 and
we know nothing more until the year 918 when a fresh invasion from
Ireland took place under a certain Rögnvaldr. He gained a victory at
Corbridge-on-Tyne and captured York in 919 or 920. He divided the lands
of St Cuthbert among his followers but died in 921, the year of his
submission to the overlordship of Edward. The Irish annals speak of
him as king of White and Black foreigners alike, thus emphasising the
composite settlement of Northumbria.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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