Forts varied considerably in size, and probably there was also variation from the above structural specifications. Sizes ranged from enclosures of about fifty feet across to areas of several acres.[471] The smaller fortified areas were probably meant for the use of small groups when away from the main community, perhaps during the hunting season. Thick woods and swamps also served as refuge areas for women and children in wartime.[472] =Ordnance=: Weapons consisted of bows and arrows, clubs, and tomahawks. Knives were used for taking trophies. War leaders carried long spears. When guns, swords and other European war machines had been introduced into North America, these also were used. Wampanoag fortifications were not so effective against the guns as they had been against bows and arrows.[473] =Uniform and Accoutrement=: The uniform of the Wampanoag was his war paint, described in the following passage: “When they goe to their warres, it is their custome to paint their faces with diversitie of Colours, some being all black as jet, some red, some halfe red and halfe blacke, some blacke and white, others spotted with divers kinds of colours....”[474] In addition, wampum and other ornaments were worn into battle.[475] WAR Motivations which could lead to war were revenge, boundary disputes, and power struggles within groups.[476] The instigation for war might come from the sachem or from some group among the people; generally the agreement of the sachem and his council was required before war could be undertaken. Dancing and oratory were part of the preparations for battle, serving to incite the warriors. The following passage describes the pre-battle ritual: