Old Glories of Portugal-- Pombal the Infamous-- Portugal and Napoleon-- English Influence-- Dom Pedro-- Maria da Gloria and Dom Miguel-- The Revolution of 1833-- The Present Time-- Assassination of Carlos I.-- Revolution Always Active-- The Young King a Victim of Conspirators-- The Revolution of 1910-- Violence Against the Religious and the Clergy Generally-- Letter of the Jesuit Provincial-- Spoliation-- Treatment of the Prisoners-- Outlawed and Exiled-- The Charges and Their Answers-- Armaments and Subterranean Galleries-- Alleged Wealth of the Jesuits-- Another Charge-- Alleged Secret Association-- Charge of Political Activity-- Reactionary Influence Page 418 Introduction. If it is true that a nation is what its doctrines are, it becomes very easy to discover in the doctrines of contemporary Europe the last reason of the troubles and revolutions which keep it in constant turmoil. It has sowed the wind, now it is reaping the whirlwind. It has destroyed the foundations, and it is but natural that the edifice should begin to fall to its ruin. The English Socinians, followed by Voltaire, uprooted the Christian idea, and Rousseau after denying the true nature of God, set up the worship of man in His place. From these ancestors was born a generation of rationalists and atheists, who celebrated their triumphs, first in the French Revolution, and afterwards in the general dissolution of organized society. Out of the jumble of confused systems arose all those philosophic, religious, moral, and social aberrations which strive to root themselves in the human mind of the twentieth century. Among the Catholics themselves, whenever ambition or the malign influence of worldly allurements were in the ascendant, there were here and there excrescences of error which tended to diminish the vigor and integrity of the Christian spirit, and lead to that mongrel condition characterized under the name of "Liberal Catholicism." Rationalism, properly speaking, began in Germany, a country which, until lately, has effected little in the domain of thought, and in the fields of faith and reason, except to ravage and destroy the creations of centuries. Unhappily, however, it has built up nothing in their place. Emmanuel Kant, born in Prussia in 1724, began the process of demolition. Materialistic philosophy had already denied the existence of the soul, and of the invisible world; Kant proceeded to the denial of any certitude regarding the material and visible. With him everything assumed the character of the mythical and ideal. To explain his process he invented in man a second reason, the practical reason, which reconstructs what the speculative reason destroys. In fact, by separating the faculties of the human soul from the objects which they perceive, he led the way to systematic scepticism.