The Franco-Prussian War-- The Commune of 1870-- Its Victims-- Establishment of Third Republic-- Beginning of the War on the Church-- Gambetta-- Paul Bert-- Jules Ferry-- War on the Religious Orders in 1880-- Irreligious Education-- Secularization of Schools-- Peaceful Advances of Pope Leo XIII.-- Anarchy and Socialism Gaining Ground-- The Affair of Dreyfus-- France at the End of the Nineteenth Century Page 276 CHAPTER VII. WAR ON THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS. Beginning of the War-- The Cabinet of Freemasons-- Waldeck-Rousseau-- The Associations Law of 1901-- Its Hypocritical Character-- Suppression of the Congregations-- Combes-- The Closing of Religious Establishments-- Expulsion of Monks and Nuns-- Character of Combes-- Early Attempts at Separation-- The Affair of "Nobis Nominavit"-- The Bishops of Laval and Dijon-- The Visit of President Loubet to Rome-- The Rupture of Diplomatic Relations With Rome-- The Discussion Upon the Separation Law-- Speech of M. Ribot-- The Separation Law Passed-- Its Chief Measures-- Sufferings of Catholics-- The Associations of Worship Condemned by the Holy See-- The Liquidation of Ecclesiastical Property-- The School Question in France Page 313 CHAPTER VIII. THE TROUBLES IN SPAIN. Accession of Ferdinand VII.-- Apostolics and Liberals-- Disaffection of Ferdinand-- Carlist War-- Hatred of the Jesuits-- Atrocities of Espartero-- The Pope Protests-- Papal Encyclical-- Balmes and Cortes-- Concordat of 1851-- Attempt on the Life of the Queen-- Revolution of 1854-- Persecution and Calumny-- Protests of the Holy See-- Espartero Fails-- The Campaign of 1867-- Trickery of Napoleon III.-- Spain a Republic-- Persecution of Catholics-- Amadeus of Savoy-- The Republic of 1873-- Castillo-- Canovas in Power-- The Twentieth Century-- Canalejas-- Ferrer and the Barcelona Riots Page 379 CHAPTER IX. THE CRISIS IN PORTUGAL.