When considered in regard to size, constitution, development, and
their likeness to each other, the planets are sometimes distinguished
as the terrestrial planets and the major planets. This need occasion
no confusion with the general division of them into major and minor
planets, because, as has been said, when simply “the planets” are
mentioned, these seven large planets are always the ones that are
meant, the others being usually called asteroids, or planetoids. The
terrestrial planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. As the name
implies, they are so called because they are in some respects similar
to the earth. The major planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune. They are all larger than the terrestrial planets, and, in
addition, have some other characteristics in common which the planets
of the other group do not have. The two classes represent different
stages of evolution.
The four planets forming the terrestrial group are sometimes called the
inner planets, and the four major planets are then known as the outer
planets. The point of division in mind then is the space between Mars
and Jupiter. This is so vast in comparison with the spaces between the
other planets from the sun out to Mars that it becomes a convenient
dividing-line, particularly as the groups divided by it are in some
respects essentially different from each other.
Of the four planets which have an especial interest to us because of
their being the ones most easily seen, two are terrestrial, or inner,
planets, Mars and Venus, and two are major, or outer, planets, Jupiter
and Saturn. The differences between the two classes are solely matters
of constitution and situation, and have nothing to do with their
appearance to us. Venus, the brightest of them all, belongs to one
group; Jupiter, the second in brilliancy, belongs to the other.
That there is at least one other planet beyond the present boundary of
our system (which is the orbit of Neptune) seems to be quite probable.
Some astronomers think there may be several others. There are certain
perturbations, or irregularities, in the movements of Neptune which the
influence of Uranus does not account for, and they seem to indicate
that there is some disturbing body even beyond the orbit of that
farthest known planet.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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