[Footnote 215: Hughlings Jackson (_Practitioner_, May 1874, also _Brain_, July 1888, and _Brain_, 1899, p. 534) applied this term to the intellectual aura preceding an epileptic attack and considered that 'pseudo-reminiscence' itself might indicate a slight epileptic paroxysm in persons who show other symptoms of epilepsy. Gowers also (_Epilepsy_, 2nd ed., p. 133) considers 'dreamy state' to be closely associated with minor attacks of epilepsy; and Crichton-Browne (_Dreamy Mental States_) holds the same view. It should be added that 'dreamy state' by no means necessarily involves pseudo-reminiscence; see _e.g._ S. Taylor, 'A Case of Dreamy State,' _Lancet_, 9th Aug. 1890, p. 276, and W. A. Turner, 'The Problem of Epilepsy,' _British Medical Journal_, 2nd April 1910, p. 805. Leroy found that pseudo-reminiscence is usually rare in association with epilepsy.] [Footnote 216: 'The feeling of pre-existence,' writes Dr. J. G. Kiernan in a private letter, 'frequently occurs as a consequence of delusions of memory in epilepsy. The case on which George Sand built her story of _Consuelo_ was one reported of an epileptic who during the epileptic states had delusions of living in a distant historic past of which he retained the memory as facts during the normal state. I know of two epileptic theosophists who base their belief in transmigration on the memories of their epileptic period. In my judgment a large part of Swedenborg's visions were instances of delusions of memory.'] [Footnote 217: Professor Grasset ('La Sensation du "Déjà Vu,"' _Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique_, Nov.-Feb. 1904) considers that a feeling of anguish is the characteristic accompaniment of a true paramnesic manifestation. This statement is too pronounced. There is usually some emotional disturbance, but its degree depends on the temperament of the person experiencing the phenomenon. Sometimes the sensation of pseudo-reminiscence may be accompanied, as a medical man subject to epilepsy (mentioned by Hughlings Jackson) found in his own case, by 'a slight sense of satisfaction,' as in the finding of something that had been sought for.] [Footnote 218: _Revue Philosophique_, November 1893.] [Footnote 219: _Revue Philosophique_, January 1894.] [Footnote 220: Heymans found that students liable to paramnesia tended to possess an aptitude for languages and an inaptitude for mathematics.] [Footnote 221: Paul Bourget, the novelist, in an interesting letter published by Grasset (_loc. cit._) states that this experience has been habitual with him from as long back as he can remember, occurring in regard to things heard or felt more than to things seen, and accompanied by an emotional trouble similar to that experienced in dreams of dead friends who appear as living, though even in his dreams the dreamer knows that they are dead. Bourget adds that he is of emotional temperament, and that the phenomenon was more pronounced in childhood than it is now.]