Among the earliest people associated into tribes there were distinct moral requirements. There were some people who were not to be killed, except upon due provocation, while to kill those of other tribes brought great glory. Again, it was not right to lie to those of one's own tribe, but to others one might lie at all times. "An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth," was the primitive way of viewing injury, and yet when history sheds its light upon certain nations of antiquity, some of them had already come into the transition state, where damages might be given if satisfactory to the injured. The Babylonians afford an excellent example of this condition. CONCLUSION. Each individual passes through many of the stages through which the race has come. A child may pass in a week or a month through a stage covering centuries in the development of the race, but nevertheless he experiences it clearly for the time being. The savage personified everything around him. If he struck himself against a tree, he was angry with the tree that had hurt him, and he tried to hurt the tree in revenge. The child today falls against a chair and hits the chair that hurt him. Now just as the child by such experiences, scarcely noted by others, realized far less by himself, comes into the clear vision of manhood, so by similar experiences the whole race has come to its present development. We are too prone to smile at the conceptions of the primitive world, and, grown wise with the flight of centuries, cast aside the beliefs of early ages when men adjusted themselves to life. Let us reflect then upon the attainments of prehistoric man and attempt to fathom how great a debt historic peoples owe him. In view of his achievements, we must grant that by his efforts civilization was greatly aided. The stepping stones on which he rose from abject savagery to higher things stand out sharply in spite of absence of records and scant remains. The rough pioneering had been done, in a great measure, and not alone the rudiments of civilization but evidences of culture were plainly visible at the dawn of history, properly so-called. [Illustration: ABORIGINAL ROCK-CARVINGS.] FOOTNOTES: [1] Starr: Some First Steps in Human Progress, p. 28. [2] Starr: Some First Steps in Human Progress, p. 151. [3] Starr: Some First Steps in Human Progress, p. 80. [4] The Beginnings of Art, Grosse, p. 61. [5] The Beginnings of Art, Grosse, p. 307. * * * * * [Illustration] EGYPTIAN AFTERGLOW. "'Tis sunset hour on Egypt's arid plains. Each mighty pyramid, with purpling crest, Looms dark against the glory in the west. Swiftly the heaven's beauty dies and wanes, Till sudden darkness its rich splendor stains. Then slowly, dawn-like, on the shadows rest Faint crimsons, violets, tint to tint soft pressed; They brighten, glow, then fade and darkness reigns." P. F. CAMP.