Both the Sánkhya and Saiva materialism are deprecated in orthodox works as atheistic and heretical, like the impious doctrines of the modern positivists and materialists of Europe, on account of their disbelief in the existence of a personal and spiritual God. Thus says, Kumárila; सांख्ययोग पाञ्चरात्न पाशुपत शाख्य निर्ग्रन्थपरिगृहीत धर्म्माधर्म्म निवन्धनानि (Max Müller’s A. S. Lit. p. 78.) [Sidenote: 3. The Esoteric “_Jnána yoga_.”] It is the occult and mystic meditation of the Divinity, practised by religious recluses after their retirement from the world in the deep recesses of forests, according to the teachings of the Áranyakas of the Vedas. In this sense it is called “_Alaukika_” or recluse, as opposed to the “_laukika_” or the popular form. It is as well practicable in domestic circles by those that are qualified to practise the “_Jnána yoga_” (ज्ञानयोग) or transcendental speculation at their leisure. Of the former kind were the Rishis Súka deva, Yájnavalkya and others, and of the latter sort were the royal personages Janaka and other kings and the sages Vasistha, Vyása and many more of the “_munis_.” [Sidenote: 4. The Exoteric _Rája yoga_.] This is the “_laukika_” or popular form of devotion practised chiefly by the outward formulae—_vahirangas_ of yoga, with observance of the customary rites and duties of religion. The former kind called _Vidyá_ (विद्या) and the latter _Avidyá_ (अविद्या), are enjoined to be performed together in the Veda, which says: यत्तद्वेदोभयं सह &c. The Bhagavadgitá says to the same effect, नकर्मणामनारम्भ्यनैष्कर्म्मं पुरुषोश्नुते. The yoga Vásishtha inculcates the same doctrine in conformity with the Sruti which says: अन्धतमम्प्रबिशन्ति येउबिद्यायांरताः । ततोभूयएबतेतमो ये उअबिद्यायांरताः । [Sidenote: 5. The Subjective or _Hansa yoga_.] The _hansa_ or _paramahansa_ yoga is the subjective form, which consists in the perception of one’s identity with that of the supreme being, whereby men are elevated above life and death. (Weber’s Ind. Lit. p. 157.) The formula of meditation is “_soham_, _hansah_” (सोऽहं हंसः) I am He, _Ego sum Is_, and the Arabic “_Anal Haq_”; wherein the Ego is identified with the _absolute_. [Sidenote: 6. The objective word _Tattwamasi_.] The objective side of yoga is clearly seen in its formula of _tat twam asi_—“thou art He.” Here “thou” the object of cognition—a _non ego_, is made the absolute subjective (Weber. Ind. Lit. p. 162). This formula is reduced to one word _tatwam_ तत्वं denoting “truth,” which contained in viewing every thing as Himself, or having subordinated all cosmical speculations to the objective method. [Sidenote: 7. The Pure yoga-Suddha Brahmacharyam.]