Thought-Culture; Or, Practical Mental TrainingAtkinson, William Walker
Science
Thought-Culture; Or, Practical Mental Training
Atkinson, William Walker
Thought and thinking
It will be seen that there is a close relationship existing between
Partition and Definition. Definition is really a statement of the
various qualities, attributes, and properties of a concept, either
stated in particular or else in concepts of other and larger classes.
There is perhaps no better exercise for the cultivation of clear thought
and conception than Definition. In order to define, one must exercise
his power of analysis to a considerable extent. Brooks says: "Exercises
in logical definition are valuable in unfolding our conception. Logical
definition, including both the genus and the specific difference, gives
clearness, definiteness and adequacy to our conceptions. It separates a
conception from all other conceptions by fixing upon and presenting the
essential and distinctive property or properties of the conception
defined. The value of exercises in logical definition is thus readily
apparent."
If the student will select some familiar term and endeavor to define it
correctly, writing down the result, and will then compare the latter
with the definition given in some standard dictionary, he will see a new
light regarding logical definition. Practice in definition, conducted
along these lines, will cultivate the powers of analysis and conception
and will, at the same time, tend toward the acquiring of correct and
scientific methods of thought and clear expression.
Hyslop gives the following excellent Rules of Logical Definition, which
should be followed by the student in his exercises:
"I. A definition should state the essential attributes of the species
defined.
"II. A definition must not contain the name or word defined. Otherwise
the definition is called _a circulus in definiendo_ (defining in a
circle).
"III. The definition must be exactly equivalent to the species defined.
"IV. A definition should not be expressed in obscure, figurative or
ambiguous language.
"V. A definition must not be negative when it can be affirmative."
_Logical Synthesis_ is the exact opposite of Logical Analysis. In the
latter we strive to separate and take apart; in the former we strive to
bind together and combine the particulars into the general. Beginning
with individual things and comparing them with each other according to
observed points of resemblance, we proceed to group them into species or
narrow classes. These classes, or species, we then combine with similar
ones, into a larger class or genus; and then, according to the same
process, into broader classes as we have shown in the first part of this
chapter.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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