Ojeda, Alonso de, 20, 37; Venezuela named by, 402. Olinda, suburb of Recife, 158. Opera in Buenos Aires, 206. Orellana, Francisco de, discovers and explores the Amazon, 82, 138. Organ Mountains, 162. Orgoñez, Rodrigo de, 81. Oriente River system, 353. Orinoco River, 401, 403; delta of the, 415-416; entrance upon, from the sea, 416-417. Oroya Railroad, 330-331. Orton, James, quoted, 354, 369. Ossorio, General, 124-125. Pacific Ocean, Balboa’s discovery of, 22-25; named by Magellan, 28. Paillamachu, Araucanian chief, 109-110. Pampas of Argentina, 214 ff. Pamplona, Colombia, 397. Panamá Canal, importance of, to relations between the two Americas, xv-xvii; influence on trade between Venezuela and United States, 420. Panamá hats, manufacture of, 359-360. _Pan American Bulletin_, quoted, 288-290, 377-379, 419. Pan American Union, vii-xi; publications of, ix-x; library of, x. Pará (Belém), city of, 146-153. Pará River, 137, 147-148. Paraguay, situation and area, 239-240; climate and surface features, 240-241; forests, 241; Indians and mestizos in, 242; Jesuit missions in, 242-244; character of interior, 244-245; stormy political history of, 246-251; great commercial possibilities of, 253. Paraguay River, 245. Paraguay tea, 185-186, 192, 253-256. Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, 428. Paraná, city of, 195. Paraná, River, Cabot’s exploration of, 32; trip on the, 226-227; picturesqueness of, 227; Great Cataract of, 244-245. Patagonia, 215, 218-219, 223-225. Patia River, 376. Pearl fisheries of Colombia, 35, 377. Pedro II of Brazil, 174. Pernambuco, city of, 154, 156-157. Pernambuco, colony of, 34. Peru, the ancient civilization of, 46-47 (_see under_ Incas); War of Independence in, 126-128; war with Chile over nitrate provinces, 292; products of, in the world’s commerce, 315-316; voyage along coast of, 316-318; area, surface features, and rainfall, 320-322; population and its disposition, 322-323; railways, 330-332; ruins of the Incas and their predecessors in, 339, 343-349. Peru, Viceroyalty of, 114-116. Peruvian bark, 263. Petropolis, city of, 169-170. Pezuela, Joaquín de la, 126-127. Picacho, Mt., 407. Pichincha, battle of, 131. Pichincha, Mt., 369. Pigs, in Argentina, 216; in Uruguay, 235. Pilcomayo River, 245. Pillar, Cape, 310. Pizarro, Francisco, early history of, 37; first expedition of, to Peru, 38-42; ennobled by the King of Spain, 42; treacherous dealings of, with Atahualpa, 61-68; murder of Atahualpa by, 68; advances to and occupies Cuzco, 68-70; takes possession of government, 72-73; founds city of Lima as his capital, 74-75; holds his new empire against Almagro, 80-81; assassination of, by adherents of Almagro, 83-85; tribute to great qualities of, 85; relics of, in modern Lima, 327. Pizarro, Gonzalo, 42, 78, 80, 81, 87-88, 90.