Pizarro, Hernando, 42, 75, 78, 80, 81. Pizarro, Juan, 42, 78. Plata River, 26, 191, 228-229. Platinum deposits, Colombia, 377. Pororoca, the, 147-148. Portezuelo de Come Caballo, 279. Porto Alegre, 153, 186. Portuguese, as discoverers, 5-7; lands granted to, in division of New World by papal bull, 14-15; attempt to colonize Brazil, 32-34. Potato, discovery of the, in Peru, 47. Potatoes as a food among Peruvians, 342. Potosí, silver mines of, 82, 88, 265, 266. Prado Park, Montevideo, 231-232. Precious stones, mining of, in Brazil, 189; in Bolivia, 266; in Colombia, 377-379. _Prensa_ newspaper, building of, Buenos Aires, 204-205. Prescott, W. H., quoted, 40-41, 69, 73-74, 343-346. Promaucian Indians, 101. Puente del Inca, 222. Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, 406, 414. Puerto Colombia, 396. Pular, Mt., 278. Puna, island of, 43. Punta Arenas, city of, 224, 285, 311. Quebracho tree, the, 226-227. Quesada, Gonzalo Jiminez de, 92-96. Quichua Indians, 47. Quinine, production of, 263. Quinsay, city of (Pekin), 9, 12, 15. _Quintas_, in Montevideo, 232, 233. Quinze Puntas range, 241. Quito, 48, 363, 369, 372-374. Quizquiz, Atahualpa’s general, 67, 70. Rada, Juan de la, 83. Railways, Brazilian, 153-154; Argentine, 191, 220; English capital invested in Argentina, 197-198; trans-Andine, 222-223, 280; of Uruguay, 234; Bolivian, 261; Peruvian, 330-332; of Ecuador, 363; of Colombia, 381-382; of Venezuela, 409. Ramalho, João, 33. Ranches, Argentine, 214-219. Recife, city of, 153, 157-158. _Repartimientos_ of the Spanish conquerors, 82, 86. Revolutions, outgrowing of, xiii. Ringmann, Mathias, 21. Riobamba, city of, 370. Rio Branco, Baron, 174-175. Rio de Janeiro, 153; the approach to, 160-164; scenic wonders of bay of, 160-164; description of city, 164 ff. Rio Grande do Sul, production of _yerba maté_ in, 185-186. Rio Negro, Territory of, 224. Rodadero River, 343. Rojas, Diego de, 112. Root, Elihu, quoted, 177. Rosario, city of, 195, 226. Rosario College, Bogotá, 389. Rubber, production of, in Brazil, 136-137. Rubber estate, description of a, 149-150. Rubber trees, 143. Ruhl, Arthur, quoted, 169, 173-176, 303-305. Ruins, prehistoric, 46; of Tiahuanaco, 48, 271-273; about Lake Titicaca, 338-339; of Sacsahuaman, 343, 346-349. Sabanilla, 391, 392. Sacsahuaman, ruins of, 52, 78, 343, 346-349. St. Julian, harbor of, 26. St. Louis, French Guiana, 428. Salt mines of Colombia, 377. Salta, battle of, 123. San Francisco Xavier, University of, 267. Sangai, Mt., 366. San José, Mt., 278. San Lazaro, Church of, in Cuzco, 350. San Marcos, University of, 330. San Martín, General José de, 123-124; crossing of the Andes by, 125-126, 279; defeats Royalist army in Chile, 126; liberates Peru from Spanish rule, 127-128; voluntary retirement of, 129-130; tomb of, in Buenos Aires, 130.