[Footnote 16: Histoire de l’Afrique, et de l’Espagne sous la domination des Arabes; composée sur differens Manuscrits Arabes de la Bibliotheque du Roi, par M. Cardonne, &c. Paris 1765, 3 tomes 12mo. It is to be regretted that the learned author did not divide his work into epochs and chapters, and particularly separate the history of Africa from that of Spain.] [Footnote 17: Vol. ix. p. 448-466, 8vo.] [Footnote 18: Their authority did not extend over the ancient Mauritania. The Edrissite dynasty ruled Ceuta, Fez, Tangier, &c. Fez was built by them in 788.] [Footnote 19: The power of the Chalîfs, successors of Mohammed, had fallen about the middle of the eleventh century. The Turks, a Tataric nation, seized Iconium, and most of Asia Minor, about 1074. Twenty years after, Aleppo and Damascus became separate sovereignties under the grandsons of Elf Arslân; the former city had been long subject to the Chalîfs of Egypt.] [Footnote 20: This expedition remains in considerable obscurity, though it may be regarded as the last dying spark of the crusades, as the adventurers seem to have been of several nations. Fordun, _Scotichr._ vol. ii. p. 488, mentions Norman Lesley, his countryman, as a prime actor. There was an old Scottish poem on the feats of Sir Walter, his brother, Duke of Leygaroch in France. _Ibid._ and Maitland’s Poems.] [Footnote 21: This place takes its name from the tomb of a Christian ecclesiastic, called _Ammon-el-abed_, or the devout; its other name is _Ensené_, evidently from that of _Antinous_.] [Footnote 22: The remainder might be easily copied, but circumstances did not then permit me to give the time necessary for that purpose.] [Footnote 23: That custom is still retained at Damiatt, notwithstanding the purer precepts of Islamism.] [Footnote 24: They sell the males, and themselves generally mount mares in their warlike expeditions.] [Footnote 25: Now _Geziret-es-Sag_, Claustra Imperii Romani. TAC.] [Footnote 26: A place where the troops are exercised, and rencontres between opposing parties frequently have had place.] [Footnote 27: Populorum Africæ vocabula plerumque ineffabilia, præterquam ipsorum linguis. PLINY.] [Footnote 28: The best idea of the Sphinx seems to be that of Maillet, who supposes it an emblem of the increase of the Nile under the signs of _Leo_ and _Virgo_.] [Footnote 29: Pococke, vol. i. p. 56. conceives this place to have received its name from the Greek word Ταμιέια, there having been a kind of lock there to restrain or let loose the water in the canal which passes by it.] [Footnote 30: Parallel to this is a narrow cut, called Bahr Yussuf, which runs into the Birket-Kerûn.] [Footnote 31: Τὸν Μῖνα πρῶτον βασιλέυσαντα Ἀιγύπτου, ὁι ἱερέες ἔλεγον τοῦτον μὲν ἀπογεφυρῶσαι καὶ τὴν Μέμφιν. HERODOT.