An innovation as to the orthography of some proper names, it is supposed, will not appear affected or improper, when the reason is explained; as _Kahira_, _Damiatt_, _Rashîd_, for _Cairo_, _Damietta_, _Rosetto_. It is of some use in appellatives to approximate to the pronunciation of the natives, and there can be as little reason for receiving Arabic names through the medium of the Italian, as for adopting the French way of writing Greek ones, as _Denys_ for _Dionysius_, and _Tite-Live_ for Titus Livius. Kahira and Rashîd have each of them their proper meaning in Arabic.—In Italian they have no meaning. The only rule observed has been, to bring back proper names to the original pronunciation, as far as might be done without obscurity. Where a circumflex has been put over a vowel it is to denote its length, or something exotic in the enunciation. An approach to systematic regularity would have been attempted in expressing Arabic words by Roman letters, but the author freely owns that no rule, at once general in its use and simple and easy enough to be remembered, has yet occurred to him. He has therefore added the original word, wherever it could in any degree tend to illustration or precision. The word _Turk_ is never applied to signify a professor of Mohammedism, an indefinite mode of designation, that occasions perpetual confusion in speaking of the affairs of the East. The design was, to confine that term to the natives of Europe and Asia Minor. _Arab_ is applied equally to the inhabitants of Syria, Egypt, and the coast of Barbary, as well as to those of Arabia Proper, whether villagers or wanderers. The wandering tribes are however more frequently marked by the terms _Bedouin_ and _Muggrebin_. The orthography of the word _Calif_ conveys no idea of the strong guttural letter with which it commences; it is therefore here written _Chalîf_, or more properly _Chalifé_. He is no stranger to the Turkish word _Bek_ or _Beg_; but as those whose enunciation of that language is esteemed most correct, but faintly articulate the consonant which terminates it, he has retained the common orthography _Bey_. In general, the original language is esteemed the criterion of spelling; and if the same word be occasionally spelled in two different ways, it is only because they are both equally near to that original. _Weights and Measures._ One _oke_ of Kahira = four hundred drams. One _rotal_ = one hundred forty-four drams. One _rotal_ silk of Syria = two hundred twenty-nine and a half drams. The Cantar is rotals = 102 — 105 — 110 — 120 — 130, variable according to the commodity. _Jewels, Gold, and Silver._ One kerât = 4 grains. One dram or dirhem = 16 kerâts. One mitkâl = 24 kerâts. One wekîé = 8¼ drams. _Measure of Cloth, &c._