TRAVELS IN PERU AND INDIA. [Illustration: HINCHONA-PLANTS AT OOTACAMUND, In August 1881 (from a Photograph). A flowering branch of Chinchona in the foreground. FRONTISPIECE. Page 487] TRAVELS IN PERU AND INDIA WHILE SUPERINTENDING THE COLLECTION OF CHINCHONA PLANTS AND SEEDS IN SOUTH AMERICA, AND THEIR INTRODUCTION INTO INDIA. BY CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, F.S.A., F.R.G.S., CORR. MEM. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHILE; AUTHOR OF 'CUZCO AND LIMA.' WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1862. _The right of Translation is reserved._ LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS. PREFACE. [Illustration] THE introduction of quinine-yielding Chinchona-trees into India, and the cultivation of the "Peruvian Bark" in our Eastern possessions, where that inestimable febrifuge is almost a necessary of life, has for some years engaged the attention of the Indian Government. In 1859 the author of the present work was intrusted, by the Secretary of State for India in Council, with the duty of superintending all the necessary arrangements for the collection of Chinchona-plants and seeds of the species esteemed in commerce, in South America, and for their introduction into India. This important measure has now been crowned with complete success, and it is the object of the following pages to relate the previous history of the Chinchona-plant; to describe the forests in South America where the most valuable species grow; to record the labours of those who were engaged in exploring them; and to give an account of all the proceedings connected with the cultivation of Chinchona-plants in India. In the performance of this service it was a part of my duty to explore the forests of the Peruvian province of Caravaya, which has never yet been described by any English traveller; and the first part of the work is occupied by an account of the various species of Chinchona-plants and their previous history, a narrative of my travels in Peru, and a record of the labours of the agents whom I employed to collect plants and seeds of the various species of Chinchonæ in other parts of South America.