I. WORLD’S COMMERCE AT END OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY:—Methods of Traffic —Volume of Trade. II. REVOLUTION IN COMMERCE:—Change from Sails to Steam—First Ocean Steamers—Steamship Lines—Change from Wood to Iron—The Compound Engine—Advent of Steel Vessels— The Twin Screw—Immense Size of Ships—Their Great Velocity— Appointment and Service. III. IMPROVEMENT IN COMMERCIAL AUXILIARIES: —Betterment of Waterways—Ship Canals—Harbor Improvements— Cable and Banking Facilities. IV. EXPANSION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE: —European Commercial Growth—Food Importations. V. TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES:—Extent of Domestic and Foreign—Vast Extension —Imports and Exports—Character of. VI. THE AMERICAN MARINE:— Former Carrying Trade—Modern Carrying Trade—Decline of United States Maritime Importance. VII. AMERICAN SHIPBUILDING. VIII. CAUSES FOR THE CENTURY’S COMMERCIAL PROGRESS:—Economic, Political, and Social Causes. IX. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY PROSPECT 491–514 EDUCATION DURING THE CENTURY Education a Hundred Years ago—Pestalozzi’s Influence—Froebel’s Kindergarten System—Its Introduction into the United States— English and German Schools—Great European Teachers—Foundation of Public School Systems in the United States—The Battles for Public Schools—Immensity of Common School Systems—Number of Schools and Pupils—Expenditure for Schools—Primitive Schoolhouses—Old-time Teachers and Methods—The Modern Schoolhouse—Improvements in Teachers and Methods—Of the High School—College and University—Teachers’ Institutes—State Associations—School Publications—National Bureau of Education —Normal Schools—Teachers’ Salaries—Girls’ Seminaries— Change to Female Teachers—Modern School Furnishings—Text-books —University Courses of Lectures—Schools of Manual Training and Business—Education of the Negro Race—Experiment of Booker T. Washington—School Funds—Compulsory Education 515–542 “THE ART PRESERVATIVE”