[16] Quoted in _The Near East_, October 6, 1916, pp. 545–546. For an elaboration of the views of Sir William Willcocks see the following of his books and articles: _The Recreation of Chaldea_ (Cairo, 1903); _The Irrigation of Mesopotamia_ (London, 1905, and Constantinople, 1911); “Mesopotamia, Past, Present and Future,” in the _Geographical Journal_, January, 1910, pp. 1–18. For further works on the economic resources of Turkey-in-Asia consult, also, the following: K. H. Müller, _Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Bagdadbahn_ (Hamburg, 1917); L. Blanckenhorn, _Syrien und die deutsche Arbeit_ (Weimar, 1916); L. Schulmann, _Zur türkischen Agrarfrage_ (Weimar, 1916); A. Ruppin, _Syrien als Wirtschaftsgebiet_ (Berlin, 1917). [17] W. von Pressel, _Les chemins de fer en Turquie d’Asie_ (Zurich, 1902), pp. 4–5, 52–59, etc. _ad lib._ For statements of the importance of von Pressel in the development of railways in Turkey _cf._ André Chéradame, _La question d’Orient: la Macédoine, le chemin de fer de Bagdad_ (Paris, 1903), pp. 25 _et seq._; C. A. Schaefer, _Die Entwicklung der Bagdadbahnpolitik_ (Weimar, 1916), p. 13. [18] _Corps de droit ottoman_, Volume IV, pp. 62–64. [19] Sir H. P. Caillard, Article “Turkey” in the _Encyclopedia Britannica_, eleventh edition, Volume 27, p. 439; _Reports of the Ottoman Public Debt_ (London, 1884 _et seq._), _passim._ [20] In Turkey all Mussulmans over 20 years of age were liable to military service for a period of 20 years, 4 of which were with the colors in the regular army. Residents in the outlying territories, notably the Arabs and the Kurds, constantly avoided military service and went unpunished because of the inability of the Government to send punitive expeditions into these regions. Railways would have produced satisfactory bases of operations for such expeditions and would have shortened their lines of communication. _The Statesman’s Year Book_, 1903, pp. 1168–1170.