Southern Oregon--Its boundaries--The western counties--Population-- Ports--Rogue River--Coos Bay--Coal--Lumber--Practicable railroad routes--The harbor--Shifting and blowing sands--A quoted description --Cost of transportation--Harbor improvements--Their progress and results--The Umpqua--Douglas County--Jackson County--The lake-country --Linkville--Water-powers--Indian reservations--The great mountains-- Southeastern Oregon--General description--Industries. 243 CHAPTER XXII. The towns--Approach to Oregon--The steamers--The Columbia entrance-- Astoria--Its situation, industries, development--Salmon--Shipping-- Loading and discharging cargo--Up the Columbia and Willamette to Portland--Portland, West and East--Population--Public buildings-- United States District Court--The judge--Public Library--The Bishop schools--Hospital--Churches--Stores--Chinese quarter--Banks--Industries --The city's prosperity--Its causes--Its probable future--The Oregon Railway and Navigation Company--Shipping abuses and exactions-- Railroad termini--Up the Columbia--The Dalles--Up the Willamette-- Oregon City, its history--The falls--Salem--Its position and development--Capitol buildings--Flour-mills--Oil-mills--Buena Vista potteries--Albany--Its water-power--Flour-mills--Values of land-- Corvallis--The line of the Oregon Pacific Railroad--Eugene, its university and professors--Roseburg--The West-side Railroad to Portland--Development of the country--Prosperity--Counties of Oregon --Their population--Taxable property--Average possessions--In the Willamette Valley--In Eastern Oregon--In Eastern Oregon tributary to Columbia and Snake Rivers. 252 CHAPTER XXIII. The transportation question--Its importance--Present legal position --Oregon Railway and Navigation Committee's general report--That company--Its ocean-going steamers--Their traffic and earnings--Its river-boats--Their traffic and earnings--Its railroads in existence --Their traffic and earnings--Its new railroads in construction and in prospect--Their probable influence--The Northern Pacific-- Terminus on Puget Sound--Its prospects--The East and West Side Railroads--"Bearing" traffic and earnings--How to get "control"-- Lands owned by the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company--Monopoly --How threatened--The narrow-gauge railroads--Their terminus and working--Efforts to consolidate monopoly--The "blind pool"--Resistance --The Oregon Pacific--Its causes, possessions, and prospects--Land grant and its enemies--The traffic of the valley--Yaquina Bay--Its improvement--The farmers take it in hand--Contrast and comparisons --The two presidents--Probable effects of competition--Tactics in opposition--The Yaquina improvements--Description of works--The prospects for competition and the farmers' gains. 271 CHAPTER XXIV.