In 1809 the second permanently successful foundry was started by Elihu White and a man by the name of Wing in Hartford, Connecticut. Here again we have a sample of characteristic Yankee courage, resource, and ingenuity, qualities which have enabled Americans at all times to accomplish the apparently impossible. Neither White nor Wing knew the business of type founding. They had certain ideas of their own and for the rest they apparently worked backward from the finished type. Their attempt was to cast several letters at once, to be afterwards separated, instead of casting the letters singly as was the general practice. Probably partly for that reason and partly because of ignorance, perhaps also because of their confidence in their ability to improve on accepted methods, they did not use the approved moulds. The attempt to cast letters by wholesale, as it were, was not successful and their entire progress was slow and unsatisfactory. After many failures, they sent a man to Philadelphia in order that he might learn the trade secrets. In those days type founding, like many other trades, was to a great extent a secret trade and one of the chief duties of the workman was to keep his employer’s secrets. Their attempt to steal the trade failed and they were thrown back upon their own resources again. Finally, however, their efforts were crowned with success and they began to turn out commercially successful type. In 1810 White separated from Wing and went to New York, where he and his brother Julius established a business under the firm name of E. & J. White. From this time on they were steadily and brilliantly successful. In 1820 they opened branches in Buffalo and in Cincinnati to meet the requirements of an expanding trade. The business remained in the family until 1854, when it was bought out by three employees who continued it under the later well-known firm name of Farmer, Little & Co. Another famous name in the annals of American type founding appears at about the same time as that of White. This was the name of Bruce. David Bruce was born in 1750, in Wick, Caithness, Scotland. When a mere boy Bruce was impressed into the British navy after the bad old custom of that day and served for a while in the Channel Fleet under the command of Lord Howe, afterwards well known, together with his brother General Howe, for their part in the Revolutionary War. After he left the navy Bruce was apprenticed to a printer. He came to New York in 1793 and obtained work on a newspaper. Shortly afterward he sent for his brother George and apprenticed him to a printer.