E-text prepared by G. Edward Johnson, Stacy Brown, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net) Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 22461-h.htm or 22461-h.zip: (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/4/6/22461/22461-h/22461-h.htm) or (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/2/4/6/22461/22461-h.zip) UNION AND DEMOCRACY by ALLEN JOHNSON Professor of American History Yale University [Illustration: From the original portrait by Stuart, at Bowdoin College. Th. Jefferson [Handwritten]] [Illustration] Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York Chicago The Riverside Press Cambridge Copyright, 1915, by Allen Johnson All Rights Reserved The Riverside Press Cambridge, Massachusetts U. S. A. PREFACE The title of this volume must be regarded as suggestive rather than as strictly accurate, for the beginnings of union are to be found farther back than 1783, and democracy in its largest sense has even yet been only imperfectly realized. At the close of the Revolution, union was but a name. What Metternich said of the Italy of his day might have been said of the United States in 1783: it was only a geographical expression. The formation of the new federal union under the Constitution is properly the main, though not the sole, theme of this volume. Behind the thirteen Atlantic communities lay a vast region which almost at once invited the colonizing activities of the people. The rise of this western world is a movement of immense significance. Out of the bosom of the West emerged the new democracy which transformed the face of society in the old States. Whether viewed economically or politically, this forms the second theme in any history of the times. Around these two movements, therefore, I have endeavored to group the events of forty-five years. Within the last few years special studies have added much to the common stock of historical information, and in many ways effected changes in the historian's point of view. The time seemed proper to restate the salient factors in the history of this formative period. I have frankly appropriated the labors of others. Had the plan of the series permitted the use of footnotes, I would gladly have made particular acknowledgment of my indebtedness. At the same time I have not hesitated to present the results of my own studies where they have led away from the conventional view of men and events.