In preparation of the maps showing the popular vote in the elections of 1800 and 1824, I have drawn largely upon the data which Dr. Charles O. Paullin, of the Carnegie Institution, has generously put at my disposal. In States where the presidential electors were not chosen directly by the voters, other votes, such as those for governor, have been made the basis for determining the popular choice among party candidates for the presidency. Two of my graduate students, Miss Isabel S. Mitchell and Mr. Joseph E. Howe, have given me valuable assistance in the execution of the maps. I am under particular obligation to my colleague, Professor Stewart L. Mims, for reading critically both manuscript and proof. Allen Johnson. CONTENTS I. The Ordeal of the Confederation 1 II. The Making of the Constitution 25 III. The Restoration of Public Credit 46 IV. The Testing of the New Government 68 V. Anglomen and Jacobins 89 VI. The Revolution of 1800 105 VII. Jeffersonian Reforms 123 VIII. The Purchase of the Province of Louisiana 143 IX. Faction and Conspiracy 161 X. Peaceable Coercion 179 XI. The Approach of War 197 XII. The War of 1812 212 XIII. The Results of the War 231 XIV. The Westward Movement 245 XV. Hard Times 266 XVI. The National Awakening 282 XVII. The New Democracy 298 XVIII. Politics and State Rights 318 XIX. The Rise of National Sovereignty 331 Index i MAPS AND CHARTS The United States in 1783 _facing_ 1 State-making in the West, 1783-87 9 Distribution of Votes in Ratification of The Constitution: The New England States 37 The Middle States 39 The Southern States 42 Distribution of Population, 1790 49 Vote on Assumption 59 The Northwest, 1785-95 71 Vote on the Repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts, February 25, 1799 _between_ 112 _and_ 113 Presidential Election of 1800 _between_ 116 _and_ 117 Distribution of Population, 1800 125