UNPOPULAR GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Agents THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON AND EDINBURGH THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO KARL W. HIERSEMANN LEIPZIG THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK [Illustration: MAP _showing Election Districts, in which an Elector of Winnetka, Illinois votes_ (_except State of Illinois (United States)_) Compiled by _ALBERT M KALES_ See pages 26-29] Unpopular Government in the United States _By_ ALBERT M. KALES _Professor of Law in Northwestern University_ [Illustration] THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS COPYRIGHT 1914 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO All Rights Reserved Published February 1914 Second Impression February 1915 Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 PART I THE RISE OF THE POLITOCRATS CHAPTER I UNPOPULAR GOVERNMENT--DEFINED--HOW FORMERLY MAINTAINED--PRECAUTIONS TAKEN TO AVOID IT 7 CHAPTER II UNPOPULAR GOVERNMENT--HOW ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES IN SPITE OF THE PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT IT 21 SEC. 1. Introductory 21 SEC. 2. The Burden upon the Electorate--The Inverted Pyramid of Governmental and Electoral Districts--The Offices to Be Filled and the Number of Electors in Each District 26 SEC. 3. The Resulting Political Ignorance of the Voter and His Consequent Disfranchisement 39 SEC. 4. The Power of the Electorate Passes to Those Who Take Advantage of Its Ignorance to Direct It How to Vote 48 SEC. 5. The Power of Government Passes into the Hands of Those Who Are Able to Direct the Majority of the Politically Ignorant How to Vote. They Constitute an Extra-legal but None the Less Real Government 61 SEC. 6. The Extra-legal Government Uses Its Power Selfishly to Maintain Itself and to Benefit Those Who Have Organized and Supported It 67 SEC. 7. The Extra-legal Government Is Able to Maintain Itself in the Face of Popular Disapproval 73 PART II THE WAR ON POLITOCRACY CHAPTER III DISSIPATION OF POLITICAL IGNORANCE BY SELF-TAUGHT POLITICAL EDUCATION 91 CHAPTER IV THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT AND CIVIL-SERVICE ACTS 95 CHAPTER V ALTRUISTIC EFFORTS TO ENLIGHTEN THE VOTER 99 CHAPTER VI ABOLITION OF THE PARTY CIRCLE AND PARTY COLUMN 104 CHAPTER VII THE PRIMARIES 107 CHAPTER VIII THE INITIATIVE AND THE REFERENDUM 118 CHAPTER IX