The most direct method of constituting such a second chamber is to divide the state into as many senatorial districts as there are to be members of the second chamber--let us say one-fourth of the number of the popular house. The districts should be created on the basis of an equal amount of taxable property in each. One representative should be sent from each district. One vote should be given each taxpayer in the district who during the preceding year had paid a given amount or less in taxes. Each taxpayer should have one vote in addition for each similar amount which he paid in taxes, and should vote as a taxpayer, whether a corporation or a non-resident citizen of the United States. It might be desirable to elect the senators at large from a few districts, the voting by taxpayers to be according to the Hare plan, thus allowing groups of taxpayers to send their representatives. A less direct method would be to fill the second chamber with members holding for life and appointed by the executive council of state. The natural tendency of such a life tenure of office, coupled with appointment from among successful men, is to produce a conservative second chamber. If, however, one party is in power for a long period it also results in the packing of the second chamber by one party for its own purposes and this brings renewed party strife and legislative deadlocks.[32] Such a second chamber will, however, in the long run, it is believed, represent property interests. It would be, of course, of vital importance that a second chamber constituted in either of the above ways be kept in strict subordination to the chamber which represents the electorate at large. The principal means for accomplishing this has already been provided for in the plan for the union of the executive and legislative functions in the lower house. The fact that the entire executive power of the state is placed in the hands of the leaders of the legislative majority of the lower house must always make that the more powerful organ of government. But we can go farther. It may be provided that the second chamber shall never have the right to reject an appropriation bill. This will prevent its ever interfering with the conduct of the government through the collection of taxes and the expenditure of money. Then a suitable method of “steam-rollering” the second chamber with regard to the passage of legislation may be provided as follows: After the rejection of any bill passed by the lower house in two successive sessions, the vote upon such bill shall be taken, with both branches of the legislature sitting in joint session and a majority of the votes in such joint session shall be sufficient to give the bill the effect of law.