Following their encounters with Jupiter, both Pioneer spacecraft returned to their normal routine of measuring the interplanetary medium. Pioneer 10 had gained speed from the gravity field of Jupiter and became the first craft to achieve the velocity needed to escape from the solar system. Pioneer 11, however, had used the pull of Jupiter to bend its trajectory inward, aiming it across the solar system toward Saturn. Following the successes at Jupiter, NASA announced that Pioneer 11 would be targeted for a close flyby of Saturn five years later, which was successfully carried out in September 1979. In early 1980, far beyond their design lifetimes, both spacecraft were still performing beautifully. [Illustration: In this view of Jupiter, the Great Red Spot is prominent and the shadow of Io traverses the planetary disk. The gross morphology of the belts and zones, with structures showing turbulence and convective cells in the middle latitudes, is clearly seen. The small white spots surrounded by dark rings, seen mainly in the southern hemisphere, indicate regions of intense vertical convective activity, somewhat similar to cumulonimbus or thunderclouds.] Jupiter Results The scientific results of the Pioneer flybys of Jupiter were many and varied. As is always the case, some old questions were answered and new problems were raised by the spacecraft data. Highlights of these results are summarized below. Photographs of Jupiter. The line-scan imaging systems of Pioneer returned some remarkable pictures of the planet during the two encounters, showing individual features as small as 500 kilometers across. In addition, the Pioneers were able to look at Jupiter from angles never observable from Earth. One of the discoveries made from these pictures was the great variety of cloud structures near the boundaries between the light zones and dark belts. Many individual cloud patterns suggested rising and falling air. The convoluted swirls evident in these regions appeared to be the result of dynamic motions; unfortunately, with only the few “snapshots” obtained during the hours of the flyby, the actual motions of these clouds could not be followed. Thermal Emission. In the year the Pioneer Project was begun, astronomers on Earth had measured that Jupiter emitted more heat than it absorbed from the Sun. From the Earth these measurements could be made only of the sunlit part of the planet; neither the night side nor the poles could be seen. One of the main objectives of the Pioneer flybys was to determine the heat budget accurately from temperature measurements at many points on both the sunlit and the night sides.