After this digression I shall now give a short account of the kingdoms of _Madura_, _Tanjaur_, and _Carnada_, according to the information I received from the missionaries resident in those countries; for, as I was not able to remain longer on the coast of _Ciòlamandala_ than from the 26th of July till the 20th of October, it was impossible for me in the course of these few months to learn, by my own experience, every thing that regards this remarkable land. The reader, therefore, will not take it amiss, if I here insert what was communicated to me by intelligent missionaries, who had spent the greater part of their lives in those provinces. CHAPTER III. _Geographical, statistical, and historical Observations on the Kingdoms of Tanjaur, Marava, Madura, and Carnada._ The principal cities in the northern part of India are the following: _Caschemir_, which, according to the map published at Paris in the year 1781, is situated under the 35th degree of north latitude. This city is certainly the _Caspira_ or _Caspirus_ of Herodotus, as D’Anville has already very properly observed[26]. _Cabul_, a city which, on the side of Persia, is as it were the key of India. It was obliged formerly to pay _tria millia nummum talenta_ to Alexander the Great, as he was returning from the war against Porus. It lies in the latitude of 34°[27]. _Tatta_, or _Tattanagar_, occurs in Pliny under the name of _Pattala_, or _Pattalena_, and is situated at the mouth of the Indus, or _Sindhu_. In this city Apollonius of Tyana once resided a month. It contained formerly 30,000 looms employed in weaving cotton cloth. _Hastinapuri_, in the Samscred _Hastinanagari_, called by others very improperly _Assanapur_, or _Hassnapur_, and by D’Anville _Astanagar_. At present it is known by the name of _Hassanabad_, and is the first and oldest city in all India. It lies in the latitude of 32° and a few minutes. In the book _Bharada_ the following passage occurs respecting it: _Hasti tàn nirmicion puramàyadu mùlam Hastinapuramennu ciollunit arignàlum._