At _Navur_ great quantities of cotton articles, _Tapissendis_[39], and cloth of all colours are manufactured. The blue cotton stuffs of _Nagapatnam_ and _Torangapuri_ are sent throughout all _Tanjaur_, _Madura_ and _Malabar_. _Nagapatnam_ is the place where the spiritual jurisdiction of the bishop of _Cochin_ ends, and that of the bishop of _Maïlapuri_ commences. The latter extends not only over the whole coast of _Ciòlomandala_, but over that also of _Orixa_, and throughout all _Bengal_, where the above-mentioned bishop has a vicar-general. The Jesuits formerly were in possession of a great many Christian churches in _Tanjaur_, and the missionary establishment there depended on that of _Madura_, which was founded by Father Robert Nobili, a native of the Papal territories. At present an ex-jesuit resides at _Tricinnapalli_. The kingdom of _Madura_ begins, in the south, under about 8° 10′ N. lat. near the sea, and extends thence, towards the north, between the _Gauts_, which lie on the west, and between _Madura_ and _Tanjaur_, the latter of which lies on the east and ends in the north at the rivers _Cavèri_ and _Veyàrru_, in 11° 15′ N. lat. These rivers intersect the whole country. The _Veyàrru_, or great river, is, on Anquetil’s map, named by the Brahmans _Madura_. It directs its course from west to east, and flows past the ancient city of _Madura_, which is the capital of the kingdom, and from which the whole province derives its name. The _Cavèri_ descends also from the Gauts, and, running past _Tricinapalli_, _Ceringham_, and various other cities, discharges itself through several mouths into the sea. This tract of land lies much higher than the rest, and therefore it produces much less rice; but for that reason it abounds more with cotton, cummin, garlic, ginger, gum-lac and capers. There are found here also a great many bezoar goats, civet cats, wild hogs, deer, antelopes, tygers, apes, and elephants. In some of the valleys there grow likewise considerable quantities of very white rice, the grains of which are small, and which has an excellent aromatic taste. The inhabitants of this province, like all mountaineers, are large, robust people, and capable of bearing the heaviest burthens on their head and shoulders. They carry on a considerable trade with the maritime cities on the coast of _Ciòlamandala_, and since the earliest periods have been accustomed to cross the _Gauts_, mountains of tremendous height; so that they even transport their cotton stuffs to the coast of Malabar, and either sell them in some of the towns and villages lying at the bottom of these mountains, or exchange them for salt, dried fish, areca nuts, pepper, copper, iron, and other articles in which the kingdom of Madura is deficient. Necessity is the oldest and first instructor which mankind had in regard to commerce; avarice, luxury, and the thirst of gain afterwards associated themselves with her, and still follow in her train.