Traditionally the Washo drove rabbits into nets, a method common in the
Basin. Stewart’s notes, taken from informants in their seventies in 1936,
make no mention of any supernatural aspect of the rabbit drive. Evening
dancing during the rabbit drive was denied. There was, however, a special
leader who directed the hunt. In later times these men were credited with
dreaming power, as this quotation illustrates: “Jack Wallace would dream
where the rabbits were and when it was time for hunting he would send out
a call.” The man mentioned was described as the last of the real dreamers.
This power made him extremely influential among the Washo, and his
descendants are considered among the claimants for the “chieftainship.”
There appear to have been formalized prayers which were said before the
hunt by a man with power over rabbits.
Today, rabbit hunts are invariably held on Sunday. In the words of one
informant: “Nowadays anybody can just say ‘Let’s have a hunt this
Sunday.’(9) They have to hunt on Sunday because most of the men have jobs
during the week.”
The disintegration of the ritualized aspects of rabbit driving is not
complete, however, and many Washo prefer to hunt with a certain man who
lives in the Indian colony at Carson City. While no one will openly claim
that he has supernatural power, it seems clear that his presence is
important to other Indians. His role is that of leader or captain who
superintends the order and discipline of the line of hunters who today
sweep a wide area, armed with shotguns. D’Azevedo, who was fortunate
enough to take part in a hunt in 1955, states that prior to the hunt this
man withdrew from the group. When he asked what the leader was doing he
met evasion, and he concluded that perhaps the man was praying. In the
period covered by the memory of my oldest informants, dances were often
staged nightly during the rabbit drives. The dancing is invariably
described as “just for fun” and probably was more social than religious,
but such dancing appears to have been part of other ceremonial or
semiceremonial occasions such as the girls’ dances, first-fish ceremonies
and the pine-nut dances. It seems clear that whatever tendency there was
to shift the ritualized aspects of antelope hunting to rabbit drives has
been stemmed by a growing dependence of the Washo on wage labor which
precludes their response to dream-inspired hunts.
_Bear_ (298, 2558-2561).—Bear hunting appears never to have been a
subsistence activity among the Washo. Many informants stoutly deny that
bear meat was ever eaten, although bear were hunted. No Washo ever gave a
direct answer to the question of why they hunted bear if they didn’t eat
the meat. Others stated that the bear might be eaten in extreme starvation
conditions but was never eaten regularly.
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