[3] The total expenditure has been variously stated. Smiles, in his ‘Lives of the Engineers,’ puts it at one figure, while it was stated before the Select Committee on Canals at another. [4] The actual cost of construction of the Suez Canal was about this amount, but the additional expenses incurred, and in the majority of cases necessary to such an enterprise, brought the cost up to 200,000_l._, which was also the average cost of the Amsterdam Ship Canal. The Manchester Ship Canal is estimated to cost some 250,000_l._ a mile. [5] ‘Jubilee Memorial of the Railway System,’ Longmans. [6] Report of Select Committee. [7] ‘Transactions of the American Institute of Civil Engineers,’ vol. xiv. p. 48. [8] Address to the Manchester Association of Engineers. CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE iii SECTION I. THE WATERWAYS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. CHAPTER I. THE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM 1 CHAPTER II. ENGLISH RIVERS 23 CHAPTER III. THE ENGLISH CANAL SYSTEM 40 CHAPTER IV. THE WATERWAYS OF SCOTLAND 63 CHAPTER V. THE WATERWAYS OF IRELAND 74 CHAPTER VI. PROJECTED CANALS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 82 CHAPTER VII. THE WATERWAYS OF FRANCE 93 CHAPTER VIII. THE WATERWAYS OF GERMANY 116 CHAPTER IX. THE WATERWAYS OF BELGIUM 134 CHAPTER X. THE WATERWAYS OF HOLLAND 145 CHAPTER XI. THE WATERWAYS OF ITALY 153 CHAPTER XII. THE WATERWAYS OF SWEDEN 164 CHAPTER XIII. THE WATERWAYS OF RUSSIA 172 CHAPTER XIV. THE WATERWAYS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 185 CHAPTER XV. THE WATERWAYS OF THE UNITED STATES 191 CHAPTER XVI. THE WATERWAYS OF CANADA 216 CHAPTER XVII. THE WATERWAYS OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA 229 CHAPTER XVIII. CHINESE WATERWAYS 232 CHAPTER XIX. THE WATERWAYS OF BRITISH INDIA 237 SECTION II. SHIP CANALS.